Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular resistance determinants of non-typhoidal Salmonella in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a one health perspective.
- 1Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria. [email protected].
- 2Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.
- 3Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Abstract
Background
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) causes invasive infections with high mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, yet Nigeria's burden across One Health sectors remains incompletely characterised. This review estimated pooled NTS detection frequency, characterised antimicrobial resistance profiles, and described genotypic resistance determinants.Methods
Seven databases were searched following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Forty-nine studies were pooled using random-effects PLOGIT-ML models. Subgroup analyses, multivariable meta-regression, sensitivity analyses, a multilevel model, and publication bias tests were performed. Genotypic data were synthesised narratively.Results
Ninety-eight data arms (N = 54,415; events = 2,902) yielded a pooled NTS detection frequency of 7.2% (95% CI: 5.5-9.2%; I²=97.7%; prediction interval: 0.5-52.6%). Detection frequency was highest in environmental samples (13.7%) and lowest in human clinical sources (3.6%). Sample type accounted for the largest proportion of between-study variance (R²=32.2%). Pooled ciprofloxacin resistance was 45.6%; human invasive isolates showed 12.3% versus 34.6% in human GI isolates and 57.7% in non-human isolates. CLSI versus EUCAST breakpoints produced markedly different estimates (33.8% versus 93.0%). Tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance were 73.3% and 43.8%. Third-generation cephalosporins showed low non-susceptibility; carbapenems showed no resistance in available datasets. Molecular analysis identified Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ST313 in human bloodstream infections, S. Kentucky ST-198/413 with chromosomal fluoroquinolone resistance in food animals, the first Nigerian blaCMY-98 report, and Col(pHAD28)/qnrB19 shared across human, pig, and poultry isolates.Conclusion
NTS imposes a substantial One Health burden in Nigeria. Fluoroquinolone resistance is high and molecularly established, with marked differences between invasive, GI, and non-human isolates. Integrated national surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship in food animal production, and expanded geographic coverage are urgently needed.
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BibTeX
@article{akinbobola2026prevalence,
title = {{Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular resistance determinants of non-typhoidal Salmonella in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a one health perspective.}},
author = {Jones Soladoye Akinbobola and Ruth Ifeoluwapo Ayoade Akinbobola and Kelvin Olutimilehin Jolayemi},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.1186/s12879-026-14168-8},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42968069},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular resistance determinants of non-typhoidal Salmonella in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a one health perspective.
AU - Jones Soladoye Akinbobola
AU - Ruth Ifeoluwapo Ayoade Akinbobola
AU - Kelvin Olutimilehin Jolayemi
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/03
JO - BMC infectious diseases
DO - 10.1186/s12879-026-14168-8
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42968069
AB - Background Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) causes invasive infections with high mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, yet Nigeria's burden across One Health sectors remains incompletely characterised. This review estimated pooled NTS detection frequency, characterised antimicrobial resistance profiles, and described genotypic resistance determinants.Methods Seven databases were searched following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Forty-nine studies were pooled using random-effects PLOGIT-ML models. Subgroup analyses, multivariable meta-regression, sensitivity analyses, a multilevel model, and publication bias tests were performed. Genotypic data were synthesised narratively.Results Ninety-eight data arms (N = 54,415; events = 2,902) yielded a pooled NTS detection frequency of 7.2% (95% CI: 5.5-9.2%; I²=97.7%; prediction interval: 0.5-52.6%). Detection frequency was highest in environmental samples (13.7%) and lowest in human clinical sources (3.6%). Sample type accounted for the largest proportion of between-study variance (R²=32.2%). Pooled ciprofloxacin resistance was 45.6%; human invasive isolates showed 12.3% versus 34.6% in human GI isolates and 57.7% in non-human isolates. CLSI versus EUCAST breakpoints produced markedly different estimates (33.8% versus 93.0%). Tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance were 73.3% and 43.8%. Third-generation cephalosporins showed low non-susceptibility; carbapenems showed no resistance in available datasets. Molecular analysis identified Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ST313 in human bloodstream infections, S. Kentucky ST-198/413 with chromosomal fluoroquinolone resistance in food animals, the first Nigerian blaCMY-98 report, and Col(pHAD28)/qnrB19 shared across human, pig, and poultry isolates.Conclusion NTS imposes a substantial One Health burden in Nigeria. Fluoroquinolone resistance is high and molecularly established, with marked differences between invasive, GI, and non-human isolates. Integrated national surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship in food animal production, and expanded geographic coverage are urgently needed.
SN - 1471-2334
ER -