Planetary Nebula Central Stars as Tracers of Planetary Nebula-Star Cluster Associations in the Galaxy
Abstract
Planetary nebulae (PNe) that are physically associated with star clusters are rare but crucial for stellar evolution studies because they allow their initial and final stellar properties to be determined independently, contributing to constraints on the initial-to-final-mass relation (IFMR), which traces stellar mass loss. Although the identification of such pairs is essential, most reported cases have been identified incidentally rather than through systematic searches. Here, we attempt to uncover new such associations in our Galaxy employing literature PN central stars (CSs) and star cluster catalogues. Exploring relevant angular positions on the sky and kinematic Gaia DR3 data, we identify 38 candidate CS-cluster pairs. The components of eight of these pairs present consistent interstellar extinctions, and their CS properties are compatible with stellar evolution models. Two of these candidate pairs are already reported in the literature as true associations. We evaluate separately the remaining six pairs using literature PN observational data, assessing the likelihood of each pair being a true association. The initial and final masses of our best candidates are mostly consistent with the latest IFMR predictions and confirmed cluster-PNe points. An additional 46 CS-cluster pairs have components with compatible angular positions but lack kinematic CS data and are thus presented separately. More data are needed for a precise estimation of the physical parameters of most of our candidates and to confirm these associations, which will be addressed in future studies.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{fragkou2026planetary,
title = {{Planetary Nebula Central Stars as Tracers of Planetary Nebula-Star Cluster Associations in the Galaxy}},
author = {Vasiliki Fragkou and Luis Lomelí-Núñez and Dante Minniti and Arianna Cortesi and Denise R. Gonçalves},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.09618},
eprint = {2609.09618},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.09618},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Planetary Nebula Central Stars as Tracers of Planetary Nebula-Star Cluster Associations in the Galaxy
AU - Vasiliki Fragkou
AU - Luis Lomelí-Núñez
AU - Dante Minniti
AU - Arianna Cortesi
AU - Denise R. Gonçalves
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/09
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.09618
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.09618
AB - Planetary nebulae (PNe) that are physically associated with star clusters are rare but crucial for stellar evolution studies because they allow their initial and final stellar properties to be determined independently, contributing to constraints on the initial-to-final-mass relation (IFMR), which traces stellar mass loss. Although the identification of such pairs is essential, most reported cases have been identified incidentally rather than through systematic searches. Here, we attempt to uncover new such associations in our Galaxy employing literature PN central stars (CSs) and star cluster catalogues. Exploring relevant angular positions on the sky and kinematic Gaia DR3 data, we identify 38 candidate CS-cluster pairs. The components of eight of these pairs present consistent interstellar extinctions, and their CS properties are compatible with stellar evolution models. Two of these candidate pairs are already reported in the literature as true associations. We evaluate separately the remaining six pairs using literature PN observational data, assessing the likelihood of each pair being a true association. The initial and final masses of our best candidates are mostly consistent with the latest IFMR predictions and confirmed cluster-PNe points. An additional 46 CS-cluster pairs have components with compatible angular positions but lack kinematic CS data and are thus presented separately. More data are needed for a precise estimation of the physical parameters of most of our candidates and to confirm these associations, which will be addressed in future studies.
ER -