A Translational Reference for Green Autofluorescence Imaging in the Rhesus Macaque Eye Using the OcuMet Beacon
5 affiliations
- 1Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- 2Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- 3Stoke Therapeutics Inc, Bedford, MA, USA
- 4OcuSciences Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- 5National Biomedical Research Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate associations between green autofluorescence (GAF) and structural and functional measures relevant to retinal and optic neuropathies, and to establish normative GAF values across the optic nerve head (ONH), macula, and papillofoveal bundle (PFB) in rhesus macaques.
Methods: Eighty-two macaques with normal ONH morphology by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were included with a mean ± SD age of 12.76 ± 7.18 (range 0.11-29.39) years. The GAF images were acquired in the ONH, macula and PFB with the OcuMet Beacon. In a subset of macaques (n = 19), pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and photopic full-field ERG including the photopic negative response (PhNR) were recorded.
Results: The GAF significantly increased with age in the ONH, macula and PFB. After adjusting by age, there were no sex differences, but IOP showed a positive association with macular GAF. At the ONH, higher GAF correlated with thinner retinal nerve fiber layer, inner and outer segment complex, and total retinal thickness. In the macula, inner nuclear layer thickness was positively associated with GAF, whereas outer plexiform layer and inner and outer segment complex were inversely associated. The PERG amplitudes inversely tracked ONH GAF.
Conclusions: GAF rises with age and IOP, couples to retinal structure, and at the ONH, aligns with inner-retinal functional indices. This study provides a regional reference for GAF in rhesus macaques.
Translational Relevance: Normative GAF data in healthy rhesus macaques provide a framework for interpreting this noninvasive signal in translational studies of retinal and optic nerve disease.
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BibTeX
@article{ripollesgarcia2026translational,
title = {{A Translational Reference for Green Autofluorescence Imaging in the Rhesus Macaque Eye Using the OcuMet Beacon}},
author = {Ana Ripolles-Garcia and Jaegook Lim and Ana C. Raposo and J'adore C. Bailey and Karin W. Handel and Meher J. Khan and Lindsey R. Sutton and Jennifer Yu and Emily K. Dougherty and Tracy Nguyen Jaggers and Brian Lam and Yasmine N. Valjalo and Rosie Thienpaitoon and Nathaly A. Muniz and Elizabeth Giorgi and Carol Iveth Villafuerte-Trisolini and Karen Anderson and Nadeen Habbas-Nimer and Collin A. Rich and Kurt Riegger and Ala Moshiri and Brian C. Leonard and Glenn Yiu and Sara M. Thomasy},
journal = {Translational Vision Science \& Technology},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1167/tvst.15.10.28},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.15.10.28},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - A Translational Reference for Green Autofluorescence Imaging in the Rhesus Macaque Eye Using the OcuMet Beacon
AU - Ana Ripolles-Garcia
AU - Jaegook Lim
AU - Ana C. Raposo
AU - J'adore C. Bailey
AU - Karin W. Handel
AU - Meher J. Khan
AU - Lindsey R. Sutton
AU - Jennifer Yu
AU - Emily K. Dougherty
AU - Tracy Nguyen Jaggers
AU - Brian Lam
AU - Yasmine N. Valjalo
AU - Rosie Thienpaitoon
AU - Nathaly A. Muniz
AU - Elizabeth Giorgi
AU - Carol Iveth Villafuerte-Trisolini
AU - Karen Anderson
AU - Nadeen Habbas-Nimer
AU - Collin A. Rich
AU - Kurt Riegger
AU - Ala Moshiri
AU - Brian C. Leonard
AU - Glenn Yiu
AU - Sara M. Thomasy
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/19
JO - Translational Vision Science & Technology
DO - 10.1167/tvst.15.10.28
UR - https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.15.10.28
AB - Purpose: To evaluate associations between green autofluorescence (GAF) and structural and functional measures relevant to retinal and optic neuropathies, and to establish normative GAF values across the optic nerve head (ONH), macula, and papillofoveal bundle (PFB) in rhesus macaques. Methods: Eighty-two macaques with normal ONH morphology by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were included with a mean ± SD age of 12.76 ± 7.18 (range 0.11-29.39) years. The GAF images were acquired in the ONH, macula and PFB with the OcuMet Beacon. In a subset of macaques (n = 19), pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and photopic full-field ERG including the photopic negative response (PhNR) were recorded. Results: The GAF significantly increased with age in the ONH, macula and PFB. After adjusting by age, there were no sex differences, but IOP showed a positive association with macular GAF. At the ONH, higher GAF correlated with thinner retinal nerve fiber layer, inner and outer segment complex, and total retinal thickness. In the macula, inner nuclear layer thickness was positively associated with GAF, whereas outer plexiform layer and inner and outer segment complex were inversely associated. The PERG amplitudes inversely tracked ONH GAF. Conclusions: GAF rises with age and IOP, couples to retinal structure, and at the ONH, aligns with inner-retinal functional indices. This study provides a regional reference for GAF in rhesus macaques. Translational Relevance: Normative GAF data in healthy rhesus macaques provide a framework for interpreting this noninvasive signal in translational studies of retinal and optic nerve disease.
SN - 2164-2591
ER -