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203,952 studies31 sourcesUpdated 49 min ago
Peer-reviewedCC BYSmall science

Two-Dimensional Hydrazopyridinium Lead Iodide Perovskite Photodetectors With Broadband Sensitivity and Photoconductive Gain.

  • Avija Ajayakumar1,2
  • Akash Suresh1,2
  • Andrzej Sławek3
  • Anandhu Gopan1
  • Chinnadurai Muthu1,2
  • Amarjith V Dev1,2
  • Ashly Merlin Thomas1
  • Anusree Aravindakshan1
  • Konrad Szaciłowski3,4
  • Chakkooth Vijayakumar1,2
4 affiliations
  1. 1Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram India.
  2. 2Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India.
  3. 3Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology AGH University of Krakow Krakow Poland.
  4. 4Unconventional Computing Lab University of the West of England Bristol UK.
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Abstract

Broadband photodetectors with enhanced ultraviolet sensitivity are critical for applications including environmental monitoring and optical communications, yet achieving high performance at low operating voltages remains challenging. Hydrazopyridinium lead iodide (HPDLI), a two-dimensional Dion-Jacobson (DJ) perovskite synthesized via in situ reduction of 4,4'-azopyridine, achieves a bandgap of 2.13 eV, among the lowest reported for n = 1 lead halide systems, through an orthorhombic crystal structure with nearly linear Pb─I─Pb bonding (179.46°). This geometry maximizes metal-halide orbital overlap, extending the broadband response toward the visible, with wavelength-dependent absorption coefficients giving stronger sensitivity at shorter (deep-UV) wavelengths. Lateral photodetectors exhibit 6 A/W responsivity, 1.01 × 1012 Jones shot-noise-limited detectivity, and 2900% external quantum efficiency at 254 nm under a low 0.2 V bias. High-gain response is consistent with trap-mediated photoconductive mechanisms and a proposed type-II band alignment, where hydrazopyridinium cations may extend carrier lifetimes. Millisecond rise/fall times (40/70 ms), preliminary stability screening (2000-s cyclic and continuous-illumination protocols, a 48 h/80% RH switching-shape comparison), and retention of characteristic PXRD peak positions after 5 months of ambient storage support crystal engineering as a route to energy-efficient UV-to-visible photodetection, though longer, quantitative operational testing remains necessary.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{ajayakumar2026twodimensional,
  title = {{Two-Dimensional Hydrazopyridinium Lead Iodide Perovskite Photodetectors With Broadband Sensitivity and Photoconductive Gain.}},
  author = {Avija Ajayakumar and Akash Suresh and Andrzej Sławek and Anandhu Gopan and Chinnadurai Muthu and Amarjith V Dev and Ashly Merlin Thomas and Anusree Aravindakshan and Konrad Szaciłowski and Chakkooth Vijayakumar},
  journal = {Small science},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1002/smsc.70435},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953755},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Two-Dimensional Hydrazopyridinium Lead Iodide Perovskite Photodetectors With Broadband Sensitivity and Photoconductive Gain.
AU  - Avija Ajayakumar
AU  - Akash Suresh
AU  - Andrzej Sławek
AU  - Anandhu Gopan
AU  - Chinnadurai Muthu
AU  - Amarjith V Dev
AU  - Ashly Merlin Thomas
AU  - Anusree Aravindakshan
AU  - Konrad Szaciłowski
AU  - Chakkooth Vijayakumar
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/28
JO  - Small science
DO  - 10.1002/smsc.70435
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953755
AB  - Broadband photodetectors with enhanced ultraviolet sensitivity are critical for applications including environmental monitoring and optical communications, yet achieving high performance at low operating voltages remains challenging. Hydrazopyridinium lead iodide (HPDLI), a two-dimensional Dion-Jacobson (DJ) perovskite synthesized via in situ reduction of 4,4'-azopyridine, achieves a bandgap of 2.13 eV, among the lowest reported for n = 1 lead halide systems, through an orthorhombic crystal structure with nearly linear Pb─I─Pb bonding (179.46°). This geometry maximizes metal-halide orbital overlap, extending the broadband response toward the visible, with wavelength-dependent absorption coefficients giving stronger sensitivity at shorter (deep-UV) wavelengths. Lateral photodetectors exhibit 6 A/W responsivity, 1.01 × 1012 Jones shot-noise-limited detectivity, and 2900% external quantum efficiency at 254 nm under a low 0.2 V bias. High-gain response is consistent with trap-mediated photoconductive mechanisms and a proposed type-II band alignment, where hydrazopyridinium cations may extend carrier lifetimes. Millisecond rise/fall times (40/70 ms), preliminary stability screening (2000-s cyclic and continuous-illumination protocols, a 48 h/80% RH switching-shape comparison), and retention of characteristic PXRD peak positions after 5 months of ambient storage support crystal engineering as a route to energy-efficient UV-to-visible photodetection, though longer, quantitative operational testing remains necessary.
SN  - 2688-4046
ER  -