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Peer-reviewedCC BYThe veterinary quarterly

High ex vivo recombination rate of African swine fever virus in porcine alveolar macrophages.

  • István Mészáros1
  • Ferenc Olasz1
  • István Miklós2,3
  • Eszter Göltl1
  • Barbara Oláh1
  • Zoltán Zádori1
  1. 1HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.
  2. 2HUN-REN Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Budapest, Hungary.
  3. 3HUN-REN Institute for Computer Science and Control, Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract

Using fluorescently labeled African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) strains, a high (~0.2) quasi-recombinant frequency (qRF³⁻⁴) was detected ex vivo during 3-4 replication cycles in naïve porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM). While co-infection and recombination frequencies remained low in PAM, they increased sharply between the second and fourth viral cycles. Infection multiplicity and synchronicity significantly influenced ASFV recombination frequency, which correlated positively with genetic distance. Crossing the ASFV/Lv17/WB/Rie1 mutants yielded a saturation curve resembling the Haldane mapping function, plateauing at ~20% recombination frequency at 160 kbp. Crossing less homologous strains (ASFV/Lv17/WB/Rie1 × ASFV/NHV/P68) reduced the recombination frequency; however, at large marker distances (140 kbp), it approached values (0.18) observed in homologous strains. A novel mathematical model estimated the average co-infection rate to be 0.47 after three viral cycles. Empirical application of the model revealed that 1 centimorgan translates to ~550-1650 bp, meaning offspring virions from a single cell undergo an average of 1.15-3.45 recombination events. This high recombination rate is consistent with in vivo observations and has critical implications for ASFV prevention and vaccination strategies. Such genomic plasticity can facilitate rapid viral evolution, potentially undermining the efficacy of live-attenuated vaccines globally.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{meszaros2026high,
  title = {{High ex vivo recombination rate of African swine fever virus in porcine alveolar macrophages.}},
  author = {István Mészáros and Ferenc Olasz and István Miklós and Eszter Göltl and Barbara Oláh and Zoltán Zádori},
  journal = {The veterinary quarterly},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1080/01652176.2026.2740247},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42909479},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - High ex vivo recombination rate of African swine fever virus in porcine alveolar macrophages.
AU  - István Mészáros
AU  - Ferenc Olasz
AU  - István Miklós
AU  - Eszter Göltl
AU  - Barbara Oláh
AU  - Zoltán Zádori
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/23
JO  - The veterinary quarterly
DO  - 10.1080/01652176.2026.2740247
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42909479
AB  - Using fluorescently labeled African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) strains, a high (~0.2) quasi-recombinant frequency (qRF³⁻⁴) was detected ex vivo during 3-4 replication cycles in naïve porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM). While co-infection and recombination frequencies remained low in PAM, they increased sharply between the second and fourth viral cycles. Infection multiplicity and synchronicity significantly influenced ASFV recombination frequency, which correlated positively with genetic distance. Crossing the ASFV/Lv17/WB/Rie1 mutants yielded a saturation curve resembling the Haldane mapping function, plateauing at ~20% recombination frequency at 160 kbp. Crossing less homologous strains (ASFV/Lv17/WB/Rie1 × ASFV/NHV/P68) reduced the recombination frequency; however, at large marker distances (140 kbp), it approached values (0.18) observed in homologous strains. A novel mathematical model estimated the average co-infection rate to be 0.47 after three viral cycles. Empirical application of the model revealed that 1 centimorgan translates to ~550-1650 bp, meaning offspring virions from a single cell undergo an average of 1.15-3.45 recombination events. This high recombination rate is consistent with in vivo observations and has critical implications for ASFV prevention and vaccination strategies. Such genomic plasticity can facilitate rapid viral evolution, potentially undermining the efficacy of live-attenuated vaccines globally.
SN  - 0165-2176
SN  - 1875-5941
ER  -