Learning the solution operator of standing waves with a Fourier neural operator
Abstract
The standing wave problem concerns the space-time periodic motion at the free surface of a two-dimensional, infinitely deep, irrotational flow of an incompressible inviscid fluid under gravity. Although spectrally accurate computations have revealed a rich array of nonlinear wave phenomena, repeatedly evaluating their evolution over large parameter spaces remains challenging, particularly when resolving fine-scale spatial oscillations. We employ a Fourier neural operator (FNO) architecture to learn the solution operator along a numerically computed one-parameter family of symmetric standing waves. Given a wave profile at an instant of rest and a normalized observation time, the learned operator predicts the fluid surface, the velocity potential and the dipole density at the surface at that time. In-distribution tests yield uniformly small relative errors within the training range. Two out-of-distribution experiments characterize extrapolation toward contrasting physical regimes. Toward the free-fall limit, errors concentrate near the sharpening crest, consistent with the spectral truncation in the FNO architecture. Toward the linear limit, absolute errors remain small whereas relative errors increase as the amplitude vanishes. A residual of the governing equations, evaluated independently of reference solutions, complements these tests and provides a diagnostic for exploratory predictions beyond the available data.
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BibTeX
@misc{mou2026learning,
title = {{Learning the solution operator of standing waves with a Fourier neural operator}},
author = {Changhong Mou and Savana Ammons and Di Qi and Vera Mikyoung Hur},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.36747},
eprint = {2610.36747},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36747},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Learning the solution operator of standing waves with a Fourier neural operator
AU - Changhong Mou
AU - Savana Ammons
AU - Di Qi
AU - Vera Mikyoung Hur
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/27
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.36747
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36747
AB - The standing wave problem concerns the space-time periodic motion at the free surface of a two-dimensional, infinitely deep, irrotational flow of an incompressible inviscid fluid under gravity. Although spectrally accurate computations have revealed a rich array of nonlinear wave phenomena, repeatedly evaluating their evolution over large parameter spaces remains challenging, particularly when resolving fine-scale spatial oscillations. We employ a Fourier neural operator (FNO) architecture to learn the solution operator along a numerically computed one-parameter family of symmetric standing waves. Given a wave profile at an instant of rest and a normalized observation time, the learned operator predicts the fluid surface, the velocity potential and the dipole density at the surface at that time. In-distribution tests yield uniformly small relative errors within the training range. Two out-of-distribution experiments characterize extrapolation toward contrasting physical regimes. Toward the free-fall limit, errors concentrate near the sharpening crest, consistent with the spectral truncation in the FNO architecture. Toward the linear limit, absolute errors remain small whereas relative errors increase as the amplitude vanishes. A residual of the governing equations, evaluated independently of reference solutions, complements these tests and provides a diagnostic for exploratory predictions beyond the available data.
ER -