Electrostatic control of Li+ density and transport rate in double-gated van der Waals devices
Abstract
Ion transport in crystalline hosts is controlled by an applied potential that simultaneously sets ionic distribution and transport rate, restricting operation to a one-dimensional control space. Here we show that the transport rate of Li+ ions in double-gated van der Waals devices can be modulated while the system occupies fixed ionic-density states. We measure the ionic current along the van der Waals interfaces between hexagonal boron nitride and graphene or MoS2 while simultaneously monitoring the in-plane electronic response. The ionic current exhibits pronounced hysteresis, with plateaus marking discrete ionic-density states balanced by electronic charge, while an independently tuneable electrochemical-potential drop controls the ionic transport rate. The devices sustain over 1,000 switching cycles and function as hybrid ionic-electronic transistors capable of logic operations and memory retention, with ON/OFF ratios exceeding two orders of magnitude. This work demonstrates a two-dimensional control space for ions intercalated in layered materials.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{hoenig2026electrostatic,
title = {{Electrostatic control of Li+ density and transport rate in double-gated van der Waals devices}},
author = {E. Hoenig and X. Zhang and C. Li and J. Tong and G. Chen and L. Chen and D. Domaretskiy and D. R. da Costa and F. M. Peeters and M. Lozada-Hidalgo},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2608.23227},
eprint = {2608.23227},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23227},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Electrostatic control of Li+ density and transport rate in double-gated van der Waals devices
AU - E. Hoenig
AU - X. Zhang
AU - C. Li
AU - J. Tong
AU - G. Chen
AU - L. Chen
AU - D. Domaretskiy
AU - D. R. da Costa
AU - F. M. Peeters
AU - M. Lozada-Hidalgo
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/27
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2608.23227
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23227
AB - Ion transport in crystalline hosts is controlled by an applied potential that simultaneously sets ionic distribution and transport rate, restricting operation to a one-dimensional control space. Here we show that the transport rate of Li+ ions in double-gated van der Waals devices can be modulated while the system occupies fixed ionic-density states. We measure the ionic current along the van der Waals interfaces between hexagonal boron nitride and graphene or MoS2 while simultaneously monitoring the in-plane electronic response. The ionic current exhibits pronounced hysteresis, with plateaus marking discrete ionic-density states balanced by electronic charge, while an independently tuneable electrochemical-potential drop controls the ionic transport rate. The devices sustain over 1,000 switching cycles and function as hybrid ionic-electronic transistors capable of logic operations and memory retention, with ON/OFF ratios exceeding two orders of magnitude. This work demonstrates a two-dimensional control space for ions intercalated in layered materials.
ER -