Rapid quenching and early gas depletion in the core of a galaxy protocluster at z=2.2
Abstract
Understanding how galaxy evolution is affected in forming high-z overdensities is a major open question in modern astrophysics. Here, we present the average properties of the quiescent galaxy population recently identified in the core of the Spiderweb protocluster at z = 2.16. By stacking observations from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST; F160W imaging and G141 grism spectroscopy), the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST; PaBeta narrowband imaging), and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA; 1.2 mm dust continuum imaging), we constrained their ensemble star formation history (SFH), residual dust-obscured star formation, and cold gas mass, respectively. The inferred average SFH indicates steady stellar mass growth, with progenitor SFRs consistent with those of massive Halpha emitters (HAEs) in the same structure. This is followed by rapid quenching, on average 500 Myr prior to observation. No significant age differences are found between active galactic nucleus (AGN) hosts and non-AGN systems. We find weak PaBeta emission for 80% of the sample, yet with dust-obscured star formation rates consistent with quiescence in all but one source (ID 443) excluded from the sample. Our galaxies remain individually and globally undetected in the dust continuum, yielding an average gas fraction fgas= Mmol/Mstar<7%, consistent with previously reported gas depletion trends with stellar mass observed in neighboring HAEs. We thus find the Spiderweb protocluster to host a sizable population of gas-depleted, massive quenched galaxies in its core, likely descending from main-sequence galaxy progenitors and building the first elements of the red sequence in this high-z forming cluster.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{deugenio2026rapid,
title = {{Rapid quenching and early gas depletion in the core of a galaxy protocluster at z=2.2}},
author = {C. D'Eugenio and H. Dannerbauer and A. Naufal and J. M. Pérez-Martínez and Y. Koyama and P. G. Pérez-González and Y. H. Zhang and T. Kodama and K. Daikuhara},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.05285},
eprint = {2609.05285},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05285},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Rapid quenching and early gas depletion in the core of a galaxy protocluster at z=2.2
AU - C. D'Eugenio
AU - H. Dannerbauer
AU - A. Naufal
AU - J. M. Pérez-Martínez
AU - Y. Koyama
AU - P. G. Pérez-González
AU - Y. H. Zhang
AU - T. Kodama
AU - K. Daikuhara
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/04
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.05285
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05285
AB - Understanding how galaxy evolution is affected in forming high-z overdensities is a major open question in modern astrophysics. Here, we present the average properties of the quiescent galaxy population recently identified in the core of the Spiderweb protocluster at z = 2.16. By stacking observations from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST; F160W imaging and G141 grism spectroscopy), the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST; PaBeta narrowband imaging), and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA; 1.2 mm dust continuum imaging), we constrained their ensemble star formation history (SFH), residual dust-obscured star formation, and cold gas mass, respectively. The inferred average SFH indicates steady stellar mass growth, with progenitor SFRs consistent with those of massive Halpha emitters (HAEs) in the same structure. This is followed by rapid quenching, on average 500 Myr prior to observation. No significant age differences are found between active galactic nucleus (AGN) hosts and non-AGN systems. We find weak PaBeta emission for 80% of the sample, yet with dust-obscured star formation rates consistent with quiescence in all but one source (ID 443) excluded from the sample. Our galaxies remain individually and globally undetected in the dust continuum, yielding an average gas fraction fgas= Mmol/Mstar<7%, consistent with previously reported gas depletion trends with stellar mass observed in neighboring HAEs. We thus find the Spiderweb protocluster to host a sizable population of gas-depleted, massive quenched galaxies in its core, likely descending from main-sequence galaxy progenitors and building the first elements of the red sequence in this high-z forming cluster.
ER -