Early mobilization after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is not associated with increased risk of acromial and scapular stress fractures: a retrospective cohort study.
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sint-jozefeskliniek Izegem, Izegem, Belgium.
- 2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
- 3Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
Abstract
Background
Acromial and scapular spine stress fractures (ASFs) are recognized complications following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) and may negatively affect clinical outcomes. The influence of post-operative immobilization duration and timing of rehabilitation on ASF risk remains unclear. This study evaluated whether a shorter post-operative sling immobilization protocol was associated with an increased incidence of ASF following primary rTSA.Methods
A retrospective single-center comparative cohort study was performed including 698 patients who underwent primary rTSA between 2016 and 2022 with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Patients were managed with either 2-week or 6-week of post-operative sling immobilization according to surgeon preference. The 2 protocols represented different rehabilitation strategies, with passive shoulder mobilization initiated after 2 or 6 weeks, respectively, followed by progression to active-assisted and active motion and strengthening according to standard institutional practice. ASF was defined as a post-operative acromial or scapular spine fracture confirmed by computed tomography when clinically or radiographically suspected. Fracture-free survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression and Firth penalized Cox regression were performed to evaluate factors associated with ASF risk.Results
Thirty-six patients (5.2%) developed an ASF during follow-up. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated no significant difference in fracture-free survival between patients treated with 2-week and 6-week immobilization protocols (log-rank P = .79). The median time to ASF diagnosis was 107 days (interquartile range, 75-190 days). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, sling duration was not associated with ASF risk (6 weeks vs. 2 weeks: hazard ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 0.57-2.60, P = .60). This finding was confirmed in the Firth penalized Cox regression model (hazard ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.83-1.18, P = .91).Conclusion
A shorter post-operative immobilization protocol was not associated with an increased risk of ASF following primary rTSA. These findings suggest that earlier mobilization protocols may be considered without an apparent increase in fracture risk. However, given the retrospective design, surgeon-dependent treatment allocation, and limited number of ASF events, prospective studies are required to confirm these findings and further define patient-specific factors associated with ASF risk.
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BibTeX
@article{vanlommel2026early,
title = {{Early mobilization after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is not associated with increased risk of acromial and scapular stress fractures: a retrospective cohort study.}},
author = {Jens Vanlommel and Thomas Vingerhoets and Pieter Vandenabeele and Christophe De Decker and Dirk Petré and Saartje Defoort},
journal = {JSES international},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101787},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42898457},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Early mobilization after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is not associated with increased risk of acromial and scapular stress fractures: a retrospective cohort study.
AU - Jens Vanlommel
AU - Thomas Vingerhoets
AU - Pieter Vandenabeele
AU - Christophe De Decker
AU - Dirk Petré
AU - Saartje Defoort
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/07
JO - JSES international
DO - 10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101787
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42898457
AB - Background Acromial and scapular spine stress fractures (ASFs) are recognized complications following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) and may negatively affect clinical outcomes. The influence of post-operative immobilization duration and timing of rehabilitation on ASF risk remains unclear. This study evaluated whether a shorter post-operative sling immobilization protocol was associated with an increased incidence of ASF following primary rTSA.Methods A retrospective single-center comparative cohort study was performed including 698 patients who underwent primary rTSA between 2016 and 2022 with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Patients were managed with either 2-week or 6-week of post-operative sling immobilization according to surgeon preference. The 2 protocols represented different rehabilitation strategies, with passive shoulder mobilization initiated after 2 or 6 weeks, respectively, followed by progression to active-assisted and active motion and strengthening according to standard institutional practice. ASF was defined as a post-operative acromial or scapular spine fracture confirmed by computed tomography when clinically or radiographically suspected. Fracture-free survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression and Firth penalized Cox regression were performed to evaluate factors associated with ASF risk.Results Thirty-six patients (5.2%) developed an ASF during follow-up. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated no significant difference in fracture-free survival between patients treated with 2-week and 6-week immobilization protocols (log-rank P = .79). The median time to ASF diagnosis was 107 days (interquartile range, 75-190 days). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, sling duration was not associated with ASF risk (6 weeks vs. 2 weeks: hazard ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 0.57-2.60, P = .60). This finding was confirmed in the Firth penalized Cox regression model (hazard ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.83-1.18, P = .91).Conclusion A shorter post-operative immobilization protocol was not associated with an increased risk of ASF following primary rTSA. These findings suggest that earlier mobilization protocols may be considered without an apparent increase in fracture risk. However, given the retrospective design, surgeon-dependent treatment allocation, and limited number of ASF events, prospective studies are required to confirm these findings and further define patient-specific factors associated with ASF risk.
SN - 2666-6383
ER -