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Peer-reviewedCC BYRSC advances

Concentration-dependent nitrogen functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets: structural, surface, and electrical properties

  • Rashida Huseynzade1
  • Mustafa Muradov2
  • Sevinj Hamidova1
  • Ali Guseinov3
  • Khatira Mehtiyeva4
  • Mariya V. Dobrotvorska5
  • Mikołaj Lewandowski5
  • Alfonso Policicchio6
  • Lorenzo Caputi6
  • Ákos Kukovecz7
  • Stefano Bellucci8
  • Lala Gahramanli1,2
8 affiliations
  1. 1Faculty of Physics, Chemical Physics of Nanomaterials, Baku State University Zahid Khalilov 33 Baku AZ1148 Azerbaijan
  2. 2Nanoresearch Laboratory, Center of Excellence, Baku State University Zahid Khalilov 33 Baku AZ1148 Azerbaijan
  3. 3Faculty of Physics, Physics of Semiconductor, Baku State University Zahid Khalilov 33 Baku AZ1148 Azerbaijan
  4. 4Advanced Material Science R&D Center, Baku State University Zahid Khalilov 33 Baku AZ1148 Azerbaijan
  5. 5NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3 Poznań 61-614 Poland
  6. 6Department of Physics, University of Calabria Via P. Bucci, Cubo 33C I-87036 Rende Italy
  7. 7Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged Rerrich B. 1 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
  8. 8Qi S.r.l. Via Monte d'Oro, 2/A 00071 Pomezia (RM) Italy
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Abstract

Nitrogen-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (N-GNPs) were synthesized by a low-temperature dopamine/HCl-assisted microwave method using 1–5% nominal N precursor concentrations to investigate concentration-dependent structural evolution. The materials were characterized by SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, BET analysis, and electrical measurements. SEM revealed thin, wrinkled multilayer graphene sheets suitable for N functionalization. XRD confirmed preservation of the graphitic framework, while the interlayer spacing changed non-monotonically from 0.33724 nm (pure) to 0.33924 nm (1%) and 0.33576 nm (5%), reflecting competition between N-induced expansion and π–π restacking. FTIR confirmed the formation of C–N/C

Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019

N and N–H functional groups. Raman analysis showed maximum defect generation for the 2% sample, where the ID/IG ratio increased from 0.243 to 0.492, and the apparent graphitic domain size decreased from 79.1 to 39.1 nm, while I2D/IG < 1 confirmed preservation of the multilayer structure. XPS N 1s spectra revealed two components at binding energy ∼399.6 and ∼401.5 eV, attributed to pyrrolic/amine-type and graphitic N or/and/or protonated amine species, respectively, supporting N modification of the GNP surface. BET analysis showed the highest specific surface area (45.6 m2 g−1) for the GNP-N 2% sample. Electrical measurements revealed a non-linear dependence on N content, with N-GNPs 2% showing the highest conductivity among the functionalized samples (72.73 S cm−1), although remaining below pure GNPs (88.50 S cm−1). Combined with its maximum BET surface area, this composition (2%) provides the most favorable balance among the measured surface, structural, and electrical properties within the N-functionalized series.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{huseynzade2026concentrationdependent,
  title = {{Concentration-dependent nitrogen functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets: structural, surface, and electrical properties}},
  author = {Rashida Huseynzade and Mustafa Muradov and Sevinj Hamidova and Ali Guseinov and Khatira Mehtiyeva and Mariya V. Dobrotvorska and Mikołaj Lewandowski and Alfonso Policicchio and Lorenzo Caputi and Ákos Kukovecz and Stefano Bellucci and Lala Gahramanli},
  journal = {RSC advances},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.1039/d6ra08002b},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13730393},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Concentration-dependent nitrogen functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets: structural, surface, and electrical properties
AU  - Rashida Huseynzade
AU  - Mustafa Muradov
AU  - Sevinj Hamidova
AU  - Ali Guseinov
AU  - Khatira Mehtiyeva
AU  - Mariya V. Dobrotvorska
AU  - Mikołaj Lewandowski
AU  - Alfonso Policicchio
AU  - Lorenzo Caputi
AU  - Ákos Kukovecz
AU  - Stefano Bellucci
AU  - Lala Gahramanli
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/03
JO  - RSC advances
DO  - 10.1039/d6ra08002b
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13730393
AB  - Nitrogen-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (N-GNPs) were synthesized by a low-temperature dopamine/HCl-assisted microwave method using 1–5% nominal N precursor concentrations to investigate concentration-dependent structural evolution. The materials were characterized by SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, BET analysis, and electrical measurements. SEM revealed thin, wrinkled multilayer graphene sheets suitable for N functionalization. XRD confirmed preservation of the graphitic framework, while the interlayer spacing changed non-monotonically from 0.33724 nm (pure) to 0.33924 nm (1%) and 0.33576 nm (5%), reflecting competition between N-induced expansion and π–π restacking. FTIR confirmed the formation of C–N/C  Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019  N and N–H functional groups. Raman analysis showed maximum defect generation for the 2% sample, where the ID/IG ratio increased from 0.243 to 0.492, and the apparent graphitic domain size decreased from 79.1 to 39.1 nm, while I2D/IG < 1 confirmed preservation of the multilayer structure. XPS N 1s spectra revealed two components at binding energy ∼399.6 and ∼401.5 eV, attributed to pyrrolic/amine-type and graphitic N or/and/or protonated amine species, respectively, supporting N modification of the GNP surface. BET analysis showed the highest specific surface area (45.6 m2 g−1) for the GNP-N 2% sample. Electrical measurements revealed a non-linear dependence on N content, with N-GNPs 2% showing the highest conductivity among the functionalized samples (72.73 S cm−1), although remaining below pure GNPs (88.50 S cm−1). Combined with its maximum BET surface area, this composition (2%) provides the most favorable balance among the measured surface, structural, and electrical properties within the N-functionalized series.
SN  - 2046-2069
ER  -