Sulfonic acid-functionalized chitosan-Fe3O4/covalent triazine framework as an efficient and reusable magnetic nano-catalyst for fructose conversion into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
- 1Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University
- 2Gas Conversion Department, Faculty of Petrochemicals, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
Abstract
A sulfonic acid-functionalized magnetic nano-catalyst based on a chitosan-supported Fe3O4/covalent triazine framework (CS-Fe3O4/CTF-SO3H) was successfully prepared via a stepwise assembly and post-synthetic sulfonation strategy. The structural, morphological, thermal, and magnetic features of the nano-catalyst were comprehensively characterized using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analyses, confirming the successful construction of a robust and magnetically recoverable acidic framework. The catalytic performance of CS-Fe3O4/CTF-SO3H was evaluated in the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in DMSO. Under optimized reaction conditions (fructose: 75 mg, catalyst loading: 21 wt%, 120 °C, 30 min), an outstanding HMF yield of 98.7% was achieved. Comparative catalytic studies underlined negligible activity for pristine CS and non-functionalized CTF, whereas sulfonated counterparts exhibited remarkably enhanced performance, highlighting the crucial role of Brønsted acid sites. Hot filtration and recyclability tests confirmed the heterogeneous nature of the catalyst and its excellent stability over multiple reaction cycles, with only a minor decrease in acidity. The combination of high catalytic efficiency, magnetic separability, and reusability makes CS-Fe3O₄/CTF-SO3H a promising solid acid nano-catalyst for biomass-derived carbohydrate valorization.
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BibTeX
@article{darvishi2026sulfonic,
title = {{Sulfonic acid-functionalized chitosan-Fe3O4/covalent triazine framework as an efficient and reusable magnetic nano-catalyst for fructose conversion into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural}},
author = {Sima Darvishi and Samahe Sadjadi and Majid Heravi},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-64082-x},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-64082-x},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Sulfonic acid-functionalized chitosan-Fe3O4/covalent triazine framework as an efficient and reusable magnetic nano-catalyst for fructose conversion into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
AU - Sima Darvishi
AU - Samahe Sadjadi
AU - Majid Heravi
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/01
JO - Scientific Reports
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-64082-x
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-64082-x
AB - A sulfonic acid-functionalized magnetic nano-catalyst based on a chitosan-supported Fe3O4/covalent triazine framework (CS-Fe3O4/CTF-SO3H) was successfully prepared via a stepwise assembly and post-synthetic sulfonation strategy. The structural, morphological, thermal, and magnetic features of the nano-catalyst were comprehensively characterized using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analyses, confirming the successful construction of a robust and magnetically recoverable acidic framework. The catalytic performance of CS-Fe3O4/CTF-SO3H was evaluated in the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in DMSO. Under optimized reaction conditions (fructose: 75 mg, catalyst loading: 21 wt%, 120 °C, 30 min), an outstanding HMF yield of 98.7% was achieved. Comparative catalytic studies underlined negligible activity for pristine CS and non-functionalized CTF, whereas sulfonated counterparts exhibited remarkably enhanced performance, highlighting the crucial role of Brønsted acid sites. Hot filtration and recyclability tests confirmed the heterogeneous nature of the catalyst and its excellent stability over multiple reaction cycles, with only a minor decrease in acidity. The combination of high catalytic efficiency, magnetic separability, and reusability makes CS-Fe3O₄/CTF-SO3H a promising solid acid nano-catalyst for biomass-derived carbohydrate valorization.
SN - 2045-2322
ER -