Days Alive at Home vs Out of Hospital: Why the Difference Matters for Trial Endpoints
Abstract
Days Alive and Out of Hospital (DAOH) and Days Alive at Home (DAH) are increasingly used as patient-centred primary outcomes in perioperative trials, and a recent editorial has advocated DAOH for its simplicity and reliance on routinely collected data. We argue that the choice between these endpoints affects power, treatment effect estimation and missing data, and should be made at the design stage with these consequences in mind. By treating days in nursing homes or rehabilitation facilities as equivalent to days at home, DAOH assumes that being out of hospital is a valid surrogate for good recovery, an assumption that patient perspectives, including those from the NOTACS trial, call into question. Choosing DAH over DAOH therefore involves a trade-off between measuring what matters to patients more accurately and the added burden of tracking discharge destination, including a greater risk of missing data. If an intervention affects only length of stay, readmission or mortality, the two endpoints yield the same expected treatment effect, and the extra burden of tracking discharge destination brings no benefit. If it instead enables more patients to return directly home rather than to a care facility, DAOH may conceal this benefit and lose statistical power. We propose a baseline-adjusted DAH, which counts only days spent in a setting representing an escalation of care relative to the patient's baseline, as a better proxy for recovery that also accommodates hospital-at-home and virtual ward services.
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BibTeX
@misc{yuan2026days,
title = {{Days Alive at Home vs Out of Hospital: Why the Difference Matters for Trial Endpoints}},
author = {Letao Yuan and Sarah N. Dawson and David S. Robertson and Yue Lan and Andrew A. Klein and Dominique-Laurent Couturier and Mia S. Tackney and Sofía S. Villar},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.39698},
eprint = {2609.39698},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.39698},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Days Alive at Home vs Out of Hospital: Why the Difference Matters for Trial Endpoints
AU - Letao Yuan
AU - Sarah N. Dawson
AU - David S. Robertson
AU - Yue Lan
AU - Andrew A. Klein
AU - Dominique-Laurent Couturier
AU - Mia S. Tackney
AU - Sofía S. Villar
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/30
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.39698
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.39698
AB - Days Alive and Out of Hospital (DAOH) and Days Alive at Home (DAH) are increasingly used as patient-centred primary outcomes in perioperative trials, and a recent editorial has advocated DAOH for its simplicity and reliance on routinely collected data. We argue that the choice between these endpoints affects power, treatment effect estimation and missing data, and should be made at the design stage with these consequences in mind. By treating days in nursing homes or rehabilitation facilities as equivalent to days at home, DAOH assumes that being out of hospital is a valid surrogate for good recovery, an assumption that patient perspectives, including those from the NOTACS trial, call into question. Choosing DAH over DAOH therefore involves a trade-off between measuring what matters to patients more accurately and the added burden of tracking discharge destination, including a greater risk of missing data. If an intervention affects only length of stay, readmission or mortality, the two endpoints yield the same expected treatment effect, and the extra burden of tracking discharge destination brings no benefit. If it instead enables more patients to return directly home rather than to a care facility, DAOH may conceal this benefit and lose statistical power. We propose a baseline-adjusted DAH, which counts only days spent in a setting representing an escalation of care relative to the patient's baseline, as a better proxy for recovery that also accommodates hospital-at-home and virtual ward services.
ER -