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Peer-reviewedCC BYFish physiology and biochemistry

Late transfer to seawater improves intestinal development of osmoregulatory capacity in Atlantic salmon smolts.

  • Raneesha de Fonseka1,2,3,4
  • Marius Takvam5,6
  • Kristina Sundell7,8,9
  • Elisabeth Jönsson7,8,9
  • Tom Ole Nilsen5
  • Vibeke Vikeså10
  • Henrik Sundh7,8,9
10 affiliations
  1. 1Blue Food-Centre of Future Seafood, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. [email protected].
  2. 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. [email protected].
  3. 3Swedish Mariculture Research Centre (SWEMARC), University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. [email protected].
  4. 4Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, Medicinaregatan 7B, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden. [email protected].
  5. 5Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
  6. 6NORCE, Norwegian Research Centre AS, NORCE Environment, PO Box 22, N-5838, Bergen, Norway.
  7. 7Blue Food-Centre of Future Seafood, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  8. 8Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  9. 9Swedish Mariculture Research Centre (SWEMARC), University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  10. 10Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, Sjøhagen 6, N-4016, Stavanger, Norway.
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Abstract

The development and function of intestinal fluid transport capacity in Atlantic salmon, determine seawater (SW) readiness, but poorly understood in modern aquaculture practices. This study aimed to investigate the development of intestinal fluid transport capacity during smoltification and the effect of short-term fasting and a high-lipid diet. Two identical experiments were conducted using two feed types during smoltification: (1) control and (2) high-lipid diet with extra 5% fat. Smoltification was induced by a 6-week short-day (12L:12D) photoperiod, followed by continuous light (LD 24:0) at 12 °C freshwater (FW). Fish were transferred to SW at 144, 300, and 480 degree-days (dd), and each group was further divided into fed and fasted (4 days pre-transfer). In fish fed the control diet, intestinal tissue mass, Na⁺,K⁺,-ATPase (NKA) activity, and fluid transport capacity increased with transfer time in both FW and SW, indicating that 480 dd group had the most developed hypo-osmoregulatory capacity. In all groups, fasting reduced intestinal tissue mass for at least 6 weeks in SW. Fish fed the high-lipid diet exhibited higher NKA and fluid transport capacity in FW for both 300 dd and 480 dd groups. After 6 weeks in SW, the 480 dd group showed higher intestinal mass, NKA activity, and fluid uptake than the other groups and was not affected by fasting. Overall, late SW transfer promoted intestinal growth and increased transport capacity. Fasting negatively affected intestinal fluid uptake during the early SW phase, whereas a high-lipid diet accelerated intestinal development and mitigated the negative effects of fasting.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{fonseka2026late,
  title = {{Late transfer to seawater improves intestinal development of osmoregulatory capacity in Atlantic salmon smolts.}},
  author = {Raneesha de Fonseka and Marius Takvam and Kristina Sundell and Elisabeth Jönsson and Tom Ole Nilsen and Vibeke Vikeså and Henrik Sundh},
  journal = {Fish physiology and biochemistry},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1007/s10695-026-01814-w},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42873360},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Late transfer to seawater improves intestinal development of osmoregulatory capacity in Atlantic salmon smolts.
AU  - Raneesha de Fonseka
AU  - Marius Takvam
AU  - Kristina Sundell
AU  - Elisabeth Jönsson
AU  - Tom Ole Nilsen
AU  - Vibeke Vikeså
AU  - Henrik Sundh
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/14
JO  - Fish physiology and biochemistry
DO  - 10.1007/s10695-026-01814-w
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42873360
AB  - The development and function of intestinal fluid transport capacity in Atlantic salmon, determine seawater (SW) readiness, but poorly understood in modern aquaculture practices. This study aimed to investigate the development of intestinal fluid transport capacity during smoltification and the effect of short-term fasting and a high-lipid diet. Two identical experiments were conducted using two feed types during smoltification: (1) control and (2) high-lipid diet with extra 5% fat. Smoltification was induced by a 6-week short-day (12L:12D) photoperiod, followed by continuous light (LD 24:0) at 12 °C freshwater (FW). Fish were transferred to SW at 144, 300, and 480 degree-days (dd), and each group was further divided into fed and fasted (4 days pre-transfer). In fish fed the control diet, intestinal tissue mass, Na⁺,K⁺,-ATPase (NKA) activity, and fluid transport capacity increased with transfer time in both FW and SW, indicating that 480 dd group had the most developed hypo-osmoregulatory capacity. In all groups, fasting reduced intestinal tissue mass for at least 6 weeks in SW. Fish fed the high-lipid diet exhibited higher NKA and fluid transport capacity in FW for both 300 dd and 480 dd groups. After 6 weeks in SW, the 480 dd group showed higher intestinal mass, NKA activity, and fluid uptake than the other groups and was not affected by fasting. Overall, late SW transfer promoted intestinal growth and increased transport capacity. Fasting negatively affected intestinal fluid uptake during the early SW phase, whereas a high-lipid diet accelerated intestinal development and mitigated the negative effects of fasting.
SN  - 0920-1742
SN  - 1573-5168
ER  -