In vitro iron nanoparticles modulate ginsenoside biosynthesis and trigger ROS-mediated stress response in ginseng adventitious roots.
- 1Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- 2Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- 3Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia.
Abstract
Background
Enhancing ginsenoside accumulation is essential for improving the medicinal quality of Panax ginseng. Although iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) have emerged as promising elicitors of secondary metabolism, their specific effects on ginsenoside biosynthesis remains elusive.Methods
Ginseng adventitious roots were treated with Fe-NP treatment in comparison with a conventional iron source (Fe₃O₄). Physiological responses, ginsenoside profiles, and the expression of key biosynthetic and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes were analyzed to compare elicitation efficiency and potential toxicity.Results
At a lower concentration (10 ϻM), Fe-NP concentrations markedly induced key ginsenoside-biosynthetic genes and increased total ginsenoside content by 14-16%, whereas equivalent concentrations of Fe₃O₄ caused no significant metabolic changes, demonstrating the superior elicitation efficiency of the nanoparticle formulation. In contrast, higher Fe-NP doses (50-100 μM) caused iron toxicity and suppressed ginsenoside accumulation, likely through excessive ROS generation as supported by strong induction of ROS-detoxification genes. Notably, ginsenoside Re levels increased under iron stress, suggesting a potential antioxidative role.Conclusion
Overall, our findings reveal a dose-dependent dual effect of Fe-NPs, promoting ginsenoside biosynthesis at optimal doses while triggering ROS-mediated suppression at higher levels, and highlight the importance of precise Fe-NP dosage optimization for biotechnological applications.
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BibTeX
@article{bayaraa2026vitro,
title = {{In vitro iron nanoparticles modulate ginsenoside biosynthesis and trigger ROS-mediated stress response in ginseng adventitious roots.}},
author = {Unenzaya Bayaraa and Jin Hoon Jang and Sudheeran Pradeep Kumar and Ok Ran Lee},
journal = {Journal of ginseng research},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101118},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948593},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - In vitro iron nanoparticles modulate ginsenoside biosynthesis and trigger ROS-mediated stress response in ginseng adventitious roots.
AU - Unenzaya Bayaraa
AU - Jin Hoon Jang
AU - Sudheeran Pradeep Kumar
AU - Ok Ran Lee
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/06
JO - Journal of ginseng research
DO - 10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101118
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948593
AB - Background Enhancing ginsenoside accumulation is essential for improving the medicinal quality of Panax ginseng. Although iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) have emerged as promising elicitors of secondary metabolism, their specific effects on ginsenoside biosynthesis remains elusive.Methods Ginseng adventitious roots were treated with Fe-NP treatment in comparison with a conventional iron source (Fe₃O₄). Physiological responses, ginsenoside profiles, and the expression of key biosynthetic and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes were analyzed to compare elicitation efficiency and potential toxicity.Results At a lower concentration (10 ϻM), Fe-NP concentrations markedly induced key ginsenoside-biosynthetic genes and increased total ginsenoside content by 14-16%, whereas equivalent concentrations of Fe₃O₄ caused no significant metabolic changes, demonstrating the superior elicitation efficiency of the nanoparticle formulation. In contrast, higher Fe-NP doses (50-100 μM) caused iron toxicity and suppressed ginsenoside accumulation, likely through excessive ROS generation as supported by strong induction of ROS-detoxification genes. Notably, ginsenoside Re levels increased under iron stress, suggesting a potential antioxidative role.Conclusion Overall, our findings reveal a dose-dependent dual effect of Fe-NPs, promoting ginsenoside biosynthesis at optimal doses while triggering ROS-mediated suppression at higher levels, and highlight the importance of precise Fe-NP dosage optimization for biotechnological applications.
SN - 1226-8453
SN - 2093-4947
ER -