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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Nutrients

Fruit Smoothie Supplementation and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

  • Lise M. Thomassen1
  • Elaheh J. Arjmand1,2
  • Karl T. Druckrey-Fiskaaen2
  • Einar Furulund2,3,4
  • Jørn Henrik Vold1,2,5
  • Rune Blomhoff6,7
  • Hege Berg Henriksen6,8
  • Tesfaye Madebo2,9,10
  • Jan T. Daltveit1,2
  • Fatemeh Chalabianloo1,2,11
  • Torgeir Gilje Lid3,12
  • Lars T. Fadnes1,2
1 more authors
  • for the ATLAS4LAR and FruktBAR study group
12 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009 Bergen, Norway
  2. 2Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
  3. 3Center for Alcohol and Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway
  4. 4Oral Health Centre of Expertise, 4001 Stavanger, Norway
  5. 5Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
  6. 6Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
  7. 7Department of Clinical Service, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
  8. 8Norwegian Institute of Public Health Services, 0213 Oslo, Norway
  9. 9Department of Respiratory Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway
  10. 10Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
  11. 11Norwegian Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders (NORCATS), Department of Addiction, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
  12. 12Faculty for Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: People with opioid dependence often experience elevated inflammatory markers and poor dietary habits. Evidence from other populations suggests that higher fruit and vegetable intake may reduce inflammation. This multicenter randomized controlled trial investigates whether offering a daily supplementation of 250 mL of fruit smoothie for 16 weeks to people undergoing opioid agonist treatment (OAT) can reduce inflammation biomarkers. Methods: 319 individuals were randomized to receive either a daily supplement of 250 mL of fruit smoothie in addition to standard OAT or standard OAT alone over 16 weeks. The primary outcome was the log-transformed change in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Secondary outcomes included changes in cytokines (IL-8, IL-1RA, and MCP-1) and leukocyte counts. Results: No between-group differences were observed in changes in hs-CRP levels (0.96 (0.77; 1.21) mg/L), leukocytes (0.99 (0.93; 1.05)109/L), IL-8 (1.10 (0.84; 1.46) pg/mL), MCP-1 (0.94 (0.80; 1.11) pg/mL), and IL-1RA (1.06 (0.91; 1.23) pg/mL). High levels of inflammatory markers were observed at baseline in both the intervention group and the control group. Conclusions: After 16 weeks of offering fruit smoothie supplementation in patients receiving OAT, we did not detect a between-group reduction in inflammation markers such as hs-CRP, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-1RA, and leukocyte counts, under the achieved level of delivery and exposure. Nonetheless, persistently high levels of inflammatory markers were observed in this study.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{thomassen2026fruit,
  title = {{Fruit Smoothie Supplementation and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial}},
  author = {Lise M. Thomassen and Elaheh J. Arjmand and Karl T. Druckrey-Fiskaaen and Einar Furulund and Jørn Henrik Vold and Rune Blomhoff and Hege Berg Henriksen and Tesfaye Madebo and Jan T. Daltveit and Fatemeh Chalabianloo and Torgeir Gilje Lid and Lars T. Fadnes and for the ATLAS4LAR and FruktBAR study group},
  journal = {Nutrients},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/nu18213623},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3623},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Fruit Smoothie Supplementation and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
AU  - Lise M. Thomassen
AU  - Elaheh J. Arjmand
AU  - Karl T. Druckrey-Fiskaaen
AU  - Einar Furulund
AU  - Jørn Henrik Vold
AU  - Rune Blomhoff
AU  - Hege Berg Henriksen
AU  - Tesfaye Madebo
AU  - Jan T. Daltveit
AU  - Fatemeh Chalabianloo
AU  - Torgeir Gilje Lid
AU  - Lars T. Fadnes
AU  - for the ATLAS4LAR and FruktBAR study group
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/31
JO  - Nutrients
DO  - 10.3390/nu18213623
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3623
AB  - Background/Objectives: People with opioid dependence often experience elevated inflammatory markers and poor dietary habits. Evidence from other populations suggests that higher fruit and vegetable intake may reduce inflammation. This multicenter randomized controlled trial investigates whether offering a daily supplementation of 250 mL of fruit smoothie for 16 weeks to people undergoing opioid agonist treatment (OAT) can reduce inflammation biomarkers. Methods: 319 individuals were randomized to receive either a daily supplement of 250 mL of fruit smoothie in addition to standard OAT or standard OAT alone over 16 weeks. The primary outcome was the log-transformed change in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Secondary outcomes included changes in cytokines (IL-8, IL-1RA, and MCP-1) and leukocyte counts. Results: No between-group differences were observed in changes in hs-CRP levels (0.96 (0.77; 1.21) mg/L), leukocytes (0.99 (0.93; 1.05)109/L), IL-8 (1.10 (0.84; 1.46) pg/mL), MCP-1 (0.94 (0.80; 1.11) pg/mL), and IL-1RA (1.06 (0.91; 1.23) pg/mL). High levels of inflammatory markers were observed at baseline in both the intervention group and the control group. Conclusions: After 16 weeks of offering fruit smoothie supplementation in patients receiving OAT, we did not detect a between-group reduction in inflammation markers such as hs-CRP, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-1RA, and leukocyte counts, under the achieved level of delivery and exposure. Nonetheless, persistently high levels of inflammatory markers were observed in this study.
SN  - 2072-6643
ER  -