A Single Physical Principle Determines Quantum Relative Entropy
Abstract
Why does quantum relative entropy occupy such a privileged role among measures of distinguishability? We show that a single operational principle determines it. If one pair of states can be distinguished at least as successfully as another for every prior, when both are assisted by the same auxiliary pair, acting as a catalyst, a distinguishability measure should assign it no smaller value. Remarkably, for a normalized measure, this requirement singles out Umegaki relative entropy under mild classical continuity and expansibility on uniform distributions: adding impossible outcomes leaves their associated entropy unchanged. Qubit catalysts already suffice. No additivity or quantum continuity is assumed. We also prove that, without auxiliary assistance, respecting binary discrimination dominance uniquely determines the quantum extension of every regular classical divergence, including the Hirche--Tomamichel extensions of classical f-divergences. For additive classical divergences, these extensions respect classical catalysis; allowing noncommuting qubit catalysts is what singles out Umegaki relative entropy.
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BibTeX
@misc{gour2026single,
title = {{A Single Physical Principle Determines Quantum Relative Entropy}},
author = {Gilad Gour},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2607.01712},
eprint = {2607.01712},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.01712},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - A Single Physical Principle Determines Quantum Relative Entropy
AU - Gilad Gour
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/31
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2607.01712
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.01712
AB - Why does quantum relative entropy occupy such a privileged role among measures of distinguishability? We show that a single operational principle determines it. If one pair of states can be distinguished at least as successfully as another for every prior, when both are assisted by the same auxiliary pair, acting as a catalyst, a distinguishability measure should assign it no smaller value. Remarkably, for a normalized measure, this requirement singles out Umegaki relative entropy under mild classical continuity and expansibility on uniform distributions: adding impossible outcomes leaves their associated entropy unchanged. Qubit catalysts already suffice. No additivity or quantum continuity is assumed. We also prove that, without auxiliary assistance, respecting binary discrimination dominance uniquely determines the quantum extension of every regular classical divergence, including the Hirche--Tomamichel extensions of classical f-divergences. For additive classical divergences, these extensions respect classical catalysis; allowing noncommuting qubit catalysts is what singles out Umegaki relative entropy.
ER -