Lengths as intersections on surfaces
Abstract
Geodesic currents on closed orientable hyperbolic surfaces are measures on the unit tangent bundle invariant under geodesic flow and orientation reversal. Every geodesic current induces a kind of ``length'', namely the dual functional on curves defined by the geometric intersection pairing with the current. It is natural to ask which other ``lengths'' or curve functionals arise this way. In this paper we give a purely axiomatic and combinatorial characterization of curve functionals on closed orientable hyperbolic surfaces that are dual to geodesic currents. This yields a new definition of geodesic currents as curve functionals or, equivalently, as functions on surface groups, without reference to measures or flows. More precisely, we show that a functional on curves arises as the geometric intersection pairing with a geodesic current if and only if it is additive under disjoint union and satisfies a simple \emph{smoothing} property: it is non-increasing under surgery of essential crossings. As applications, we obtain new axiomatic characterizations of measured laminations and hyperbolic length functionals, and new descriptions of surface group actions on real trees dual to measured laminations, including a streamlined proof of a classical theorem of Skora. We also provide a unified framework for dual geodesic currents arising from metric structures and generalized cross-ratios, including those associated with certain Anosov representations. Our approach subsumes all previously known constructions of dual geodesic currents for closed surfaces and yields broad new families of examples.
Related
- Lengths of closed geodesics on random non-compact hyperbolic surfaces
- On the lengths of MDS codes with a two-transitive permutation automorphism group
- Proofs of two conjectures of Berkovich and Dhar on hook lengths
- Bicolored Eulerian quasisymmetric functions, affine lengths, and Theta operators
- A Prime-Power Dichotomy for Nekrasov--Okounkov Hook Lengths and t-Core Partitions
BibTeX
@misc{martinezgranado2026lengths,
title = {{Lengths as intersections on surfaces}},
author = {Dídac Martínez-Granado and Dylan P. Thurston},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2605.04031},
eprint = {2605.04031},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.04031},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Lengths as intersections on surfaces
AU - Dídac Martínez-Granado
AU - Dylan P. Thurston
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2605.04031
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.04031
AB - Geodesic currents on closed orientable hyperbolic surfaces are measures on the unit tangent bundle invariant under geodesic flow and orientation reversal. Every geodesic current induces a kind of ``length'', namely the dual functional on curves defined by the geometric intersection pairing with the current. It is natural to ask which other ``lengths'' or curve functionals arise this way. In this paper we give a purely axiomatic and combinatorial characterization of curve functionals on closed orientable hyperbolic surfaces that are dual to geodesic currents. This yields a new definition of geodesic currents as curve functionals or, equivalently, as functions on surface groups, without reference to measures or flows. More precisely, we show that a functional on curves arises as the geometric intersection pairing with a geodesic current if and only if it is additive under disjoint union and satisfies a simple \emph{smoothing} property: it is non-increasing under surgery of essential crossings. As applications, we obtain new axiomatic characterizations of measured laminations and hyperbolic length functionals, and new descriptions of surface group actions on real trees dual to measured laminations, including a streamlined proof of a classical theorem of Skora. We also provide a unified framework for dual geodesic currents arising from metric structures and generalized cross-ratios, including those associated with certain Anosov representations. Our approach subsumes all previously known constructions of dual geodesic currents for closed surfaces and yields broad new families of examples.
ER -