Stars Can Quench Superradiance Around Supermassive Black Holes
Abstract
Light scalar fields trigger an instability around rotating black holes which drives the rapid growth of high-density bound states on astrophysically short timescales---a phenomenon known as black hole superradiance. This process is usually tacitly assumed to happen independent of the local environment. Around supermassive black holes, however, orbiting stars and compact objects act as a perturbation that drains energy from the cloud, potentially preventing its formation altogether. In this work, we quantify under what conditions this happens, focusing on bound-free state transitions. We first compute the rate of energy dissipation due to gravitational interactions, finding that the superradiance growth rate almost always dominates the environmental depletion. The two rates are, however, close enough that the conclusion could be overturned once bound-bound transitions are included. Also, the environment dissipates the cloud faster than gravitational-wave emission, implying that stellar environments must be accounted for in a variety of indirect search strategies. We then investigate the impact of the scalar's quadratic couplings to nucleons and electromagnetism, showing that these interactions can greatly enhance energy dissipation, preventing the cloud's formation. This work highlights the importance of accounting for the local environment in studies of superradiance around intermediate and supermassive black holes.
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BibTeX
@misc{cheng2026stars,
title = {{Stars Can Quench Superradiance Around Supermassive Black Holes}},
author = {Yu Cheng and Andrea Caputo and Giovanni Maria Tomaselli and Samuel J. Witte},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.40895},
eprint = {2610.40895},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40895},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Stars Can Quench Superradiance Around Supermassive Black Holes
AU - Yu Cheng
AU - Andrea Caputo
AU - Giovanni Maria Tomaselli
AU - Samuel J. Witte
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/29
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.40895
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40895
AB - Light scalar fields trigger an instability around rotating black holes which drives the rapid growth of high-density bound states on astrophysically short timescales---a phenomenon known as black hole superradiance. This process is usually tacitly assumed to happen independent of the local environment. Around supermassive black holes, however, orbiting stars and compact objects act as a perturbation that drains energy from the cloud, potentially preventing its formation altogether. In this work, we quantify under what conditions this happens, focusing on bound-free state transitions. We first compute the rate of energy dissipation due to gravitational interactions, finding that the superradiance growth rate almost always dominates the environmental depletion. The two rates are, however, close enough that the conclusion could be overturned once bound-bound transitions are included. Also, the environment dissipates the cloud faster than gravitational-wave emission, implying that stellar environments must be accounted for in a variety of indirect search strategies. We then investigate the impact of the scalar's quadratic couplings to nucleons and electromagnetism, showing that these interactions can greatly enhance energy dissipation, preventing the cloud's formation. This work highlights the importance of accounting for the local environment in studies of superradiance around intermediate and supermassive black holes.
ER -