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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Frontiers in Public Health

Differences in income-related health inequalities in Brazil and the USA: a comparative cross-sectional study

  • Stefano Zapperi1,2
  • José S. Andrade3,4
  • Humberto A. Carmona3,4
  • Antonio S. Lima Neto5,6
  • Caterina A. M. La Porta7,8
8 affiliations
  1. 1Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan
  2. 2CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l'Energia
  3. 3Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará
  4. 4Escola de Saúde Pública do Ceará
  5. 5Center of Health Sciences, University of Fortaleza
  6. 6Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Ceará
  7. 7Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan
  8. 8UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano
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Abstract

Introduction: Health inequality is a persistent, policy-relevant problem shaped by multiple socioeconomic factors, among which income and healthcare policy are especially prominent and often vary substantially between countries. The goal of the present study is to quantify the relationship between income and health in two countries with different healthcare systems, Brazil and the USA.

Methods: We compared health conditions in relation to income in Brazil and the USA through cross-sectional, nationally representative, household-based surveys using data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) for Brazil and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) for the USA collected in 2019. We used survey-weighted logistic regression with cluster-robust standard errors, adjusted for urban/rural residence, sex, education, and age.

Results: Both countries showed income-related health inequality, with lower-income groups generally reporting worse self-rated health. A formal test of the country-by-income interaction showed a significantly steeper income gradient in the USA than in Brazil for diabetes and obesity and a significant reversal in the direction of the association for psychiatric conditions, with higher income associated with higher prevalence in Brazil but lower prevalence in the USA. No significant cross-country difference was found for hypertension, self-rated health, or cancer diagnosis. Geographically, a north-south divide in inequality is apparent in Brazil, while income disparities are less uniform in the USA. States with a larger share of low-income people experience worse health conditions in the USA, while this effect is less visible in Brazil.

Discussion: Taken together, income-related health inequality is more pronounced in the USA than in Brazil for several, though not all, of the conditions examined. This pattern may be associated with differences in healthcare systems and lifestyles between the two countries, although the cross-sectional design does not permit causal inference.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{zapperi2026differences,
  title = {{Differences in income-related health inequalities in Brazil and the USA: a comparative cross-sectional study}},
  author = {Stefano Zapperi and José S. Andrade and Humberto A. Carmona and Antonio S. Lima Neto and Caterina A. M. La Porta},
  journal = {Frontiers in Public Health},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2026.1917651},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1917651/full},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Differences in income-related health inequalities in Brazil and the USA: a comparative cross-sectional study
AU  - Stefano Zapperi
AU  - José S. Andrade
AU  - Humberto A. Carmona
AU  - Antonio S. Lima Neto
AU  - Caterina A. M. La Porta
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/13
JO  - Frontiers in Public Health
DO  - 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1917651
UR  - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1917651/full
AB  - Introduction: Health inequality is a persistent, policy-relevant problem shaped by multiple socioeconomic factors, among which income and healthcare policy are especially prominent and often vary substantially between countries. The goal of the present study is to quantify the relationship between income and health in two countries with different healthcare systems, Brazil and the USA.  Methods: We compared health conditions in relation to income in Brazil and the USA through cross-sectional, nationally representative, household-based surveys using data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) for Brazil and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) for the USA collected in 2019. We used survey-weighted logistic regression with cluster-robust standard errors, adjusted for urban/rural residence, sex, education, and age.  Results: Both countries showed income-related health inequality, with lower-income groups generally reporting worse self-rated health. A formal test of the country-by-income interaction showed a significantly steeper income gradient in the USA than in Brazil for diabetes and obesity and a significant reversal in the direction of the association for psychiatric conditions, with higher income associated with higher prevalence in Brazil but lower prevalence in the USA. No significant cross-country difference was found for hypertension, self-rated health, or cancer diagnosis. Geographically, a north-south divide in inequality is apparent in Brazil, while income disparities are less uniform in the USA. States with a larger share of low-income people experience worse health conditions in the USA, while this effect is less visible in Brazil.  Discussion: Taken together, income-related health inequality is more pronounced in the USA than in Brazil for several, though not all, of the conditions examined. This pattern may be associated with differences in healthcare systems and lifestyles between the two countries, although the cross-sectional design does not permit causal inference.
SN  - 2296-2565
ER  -