Global Landscape of Telehealth Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Self-Care: A Scoping Review of Nursing Roles, Care Models, and Outcomes
- 1Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- 2Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- 3Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires ongoing self-care support to minimize preventable complications. Telehealth interventions have the potential to extend diabetes self-management education and support beyond conventional face-to-face care. However, the specific contributions of nursing roles, conceptual frameworks, and digital care architectures have not been comprehensively synthesized.
Objective: This scoping review aimed to map global evidence on telehealth interventions for T2DM self-care.
Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, JBI scoping review guidance, and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Electronic databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, Scopus, Taylor AND Francis Online, ScienceDirect, and Sage Journals, were systematically searched for empirical studies published between January 1, 2021, to June 26, 2026, examining telehealth, mHealth, telenursing, or digital self-care interventions for adults with T2DM involving nursing or nursing-relevant digital care component. Data were charted using the systematic table and synthesized through descriptive and thematic analysis.
Results: A total of 26 studies were included, representing diverse models such as app-based self-management, messaging platforms, telemonitoring, virtual education, EHR-supported discharge pathways, virtual group visits, and comprehensive telehealth. Nursing roles were categorized as digital education, clinical monitoring, care coordination, behavioral coaching, medication and follow-through support, peer-support moderation, and digital onboarding. Of the 26 included studies, nine (34.6%) were classified as nurse-led, five (19.2%) as nurse-supported, seven (26.9%) as multidisciplinary/team-based, and five (19.2%) had insufficient reporting to isolate a nurse-specific intervention role. Interventions featuring structured nurse involvement, individualized feedback, theory-informed behavior-change strategies, and escalation pathways demonstrated the most consistent improvements in self-care behaviors and selected glycemic outcomes, particularly HbA1c and fasting blood glucose.
Conclusion: Telehealth interventions for T2DM self-care should be regarded as hybrid care models rather than solely technology-based tools. The synthesized evidence supports nurse-mediated, theory-informed, and equity-sensitive digital diabetes care, while underscoring the need for improved reporting on nursing scope, digital engagement, clinical escalation, fidelity, cost, and implementation context.
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BibTeX
@article{rahayu2026global,
title = {{Global Landscape of Telehealth Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Self-Care: A Scoping Review of Nursing Roles, Care Models, and Outcomes}},
author = {Yuni Sapto Edhy Rahayu and Iqbal Pramukti and Titis Kurniawan and Kusman Ibrahim},
journal = {Patient preference and adherence},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.2147/ppa.s635886},
url = {https://doi.org/10.2147/ppa.s635886},
note = {CC BY-NC 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Global Landscape of Telehealth Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Self-Care: A Scoping Review of Nursing Roles, Care Models, and Outcomes
AU - Yuni Sapto Edhy Rahayu
AU - Iqbal Pramukti
AU - Titis Kurniawan
AU - Kusman Ibrahim
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/27
JO - Patient preference and adherence
DO - 10.2147/ppa.s635886
UR - https://doi.org/10.2147/ppa.s635886
AB - Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires ongoing self-care support to minimize preventable complications. Telehealth interventions have the potential to extend diabetes self-management education and support beyond conventional face-to-face care. However, the specific contributions of nursing roles, conceptual frameworks, and digital care architectures have not been comprehensively synthesized. Objective: This scoping review aimed to map global evidence on telehealth interventions for T2DM self-care. Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, JBI scoping review guidance, and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Electronic databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, Scopus, Taylor AND Francis Online, ScienceDirect, and Sage Journals, were systematically searched for empirical studies published between January 1, 2021, to June 26, 2026, examining telehealth, mHealth, telenursing, or digital self-care interventions for adults with T2DM involving nursing or nursing-relevant digital care component. Data were charted using the systematic table and synthesized through descriptive and thematic analysis. Results: A total of 26 studies were included, representing diverse models such as app-based self-management, messaging platforms, telemonitoring, virtual education, EHR-supported discharge pathways, virtual group visits, and comprehensive telehealth. Nursing roles were categorized as digital education, clinical monitoring, care coordination, behavioral coaching, medication and follow-through support, peer-support moderation, and digital onboarding. Of the 26 included studies, nine (34.6%) were classified as nurse-led, five (19.2%) as nurse-supported, seven (26.9%) as multidisciplinary/team-based, and five (19.2%) had insufficient reporting to isolate a nurse-specific intervention role. Interventions featuring structured nurse involvement, individualized feedback, theory-informed behavior-change strategies, and escalation pathways demonstrated the most consistent improvements in self-care behaviors and selected glycemic outcomes, particularly HbA1c and fasting blood glucose. Conclusion: Telehealth interventions for T2DM self-care should be regarded as hybrid care models rather than solely technology-based tools. The synthesized evidence supports nurse-mediated, theory-informed, and equity-sensitive digital diabetes care, while underscoring the need for improved reporting on nursing scope, digital engagement, clinical escalation, fidelity, cost, and implementation context.
SN - 1177-889X
ER -