Damped polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of large systems with hybrid functionals: self-consistent and Lanczos solvers
Abstract
We present a damped coupled-perturbed Kohn-Sham method to compute the dynamical polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of finite systems, implemented in the CRYSTAL code for semi-local, global and range-separated hybrid functionals. The approach is based on the adiabatic time-dependent density functional theory for the complex-valued (hyper)polarizabilities, describing optical phenomena such as absorption, and the nonlinear second-harmonic generation, rectification and Pockels effect. These are obtained either at individual frequencies with a self-consistent solver based on Pulay extrapolation, or at an arbitrary grid of frequency and damping factors with a Lanczos solver, from which the first-order amplitudes required in the hyperpolarizability can be reconstructed. With hybrid functionals, the self-consistent solver tends to become impractical at some point beyond the absorption onset, where there are many excitations for which the external frequency lies between their energy and those of their contributing single-particle transitions, and its convergence eventually stalls for large systems. In contrast, the convergence of the Lanczos method is essentially independent of size, hence the cost of the dynamical response calculation scales with system size as the hybrid ground-state calculation. The implementation is validated in a small molecule and, as an application, we study the first and second-order optical response of a series of hexagonal boron nitride flakes of up to 324 atoms. The use of range-separated hybrid functionals allows to capture the strongly-bound first excitation of the monolayer, and evidences the failure of the self-consistent method to converge excitations with strong electron-hole attraction.
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BibTeX
@misc{garciablazquez2026damped,
title = {{Damped polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of large systems with hybrid functionals: self-consistent and Lanczos solvers}},
author = {A. García-Blázquez and A. Erba and A. Boccuni and J. K. Desmarais},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.12664},
eprint = {2611.12664},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.12664},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Damped polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of large systems with hybrid functionals: self-consistent and Lanczos solvers
AU - A. García-Blázquez
AU - A. Erba
AU - A. Boccuni
AU - J. K. Desmarais
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/09
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.12664
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.12664
AB - We present a damped coupled-perturbed Kohn-Sham method to compute the dynamical polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of finite systems, implemented in the CRYSTAL code for semi-local, global and range-separated hybrid functionals. The approach is based on the adiabatic time-dependent density functional theory for the complex-valued (hyper)polarizabilities, describing optical phenomena such as absorption, and the nonlinear second-harmonic generation, rectification and Pockels effect. These are obtained either at individual frequencies with a self-consistent solver based on Pulay extrapolation, or at an arbitrary grid of frequency and damping factors with a Lanczos solver, from which the first-order amplitudes required in the hyperpolarizability can be reconstructed. With hybrid functionals, the self-consistent solver tends to become impractical at some point beyond the absorption onset, where there are many excitations for which the external frequency lies between their energy and those of their contributing single-particle transitions, and its convergence eventually stalls for large systems. In contrast, the convergence of the Lanczos method is essentially independent of size, hence the cost of the dynamical response calculation scales with system size as the hybrid ground-state calculation. The implementation is validated in a small molecule and, as an application, we study the first and second-order optical response of a series of hexagonal boron nitride flakes of up to 324 atoms. The use of range-separated hybrid functionals allows to capture the strongly-bound first excitation of the monolayer, and evidences the failure of the self-consistent method to converge excitations with strong electron-hole attraction.
ER -