Triadic energy routes in a short laminar separation bubble
Abstract
The kinetic energy budget of a laminar separation bubble on a compressor blade is formed mode by mode in frequency and spanwise wavenumber from a direct numerical simulation at a Reynolds number of 2.5×105 based on the axial chord. The nonlinear transfer between modes is evaluated as a triadic tensor that gives the energy exchanged in every triad, the roles of its three modes, and the location of the exchange. Nine dominant tonal modes are identified: the flapping of the bubble, the Kelvin-Helmholtz mode with its sidebands, a pair of modes near reattachment, and their sum, difference, and harmonic. They hold 8% of the fluctuation energy, and their triads are responsible for 19% of the energy exchanged. Every tonal mode is fed by the mean shear and exports 69 to 82% of the energy it takes from the mean flow. The Kelvin-Helmholtz mode sends 45% of the energy it sheds to lower frequencies. The largest of these transfers is a triad in which it acts as a catalyst. The exchange in each triad is split into nine channels by velocity components. In every triad of spanwise-uniform modes, one channel dominates: the wall-tangential velocity of the donor advected by the wall-normal velocity of the catalyst. For a pair of oblique modes, the same advection by the two-dimensional Kelvin-Helmholtz mode exchanges their spanwise velocity, which the mean flow cannot produce. The rollers thus become three-dimensional through the advecting velocity of the Kelvin-Helmholtz mode, which supplies no energy to the exchange.
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BibTeX
@misc{lopes2026triadic,
title = {{Triadic energy routes in a short laminar separation bubble}},
author = {Gustavo Lopes and Pawel Przytarski and Daniele Simoni and Davide Lengani},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.27035},
eprint = {2610.27035},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27035},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Triadic energy routes in a short laminar separation bubble
AU - Gustavo Lopes
AU - Pawel Przytarski
AU - Daniele Simoni
AU - Davide Lengani
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/29
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.27035
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27035
AB - The kinetic energy budget of a laminar separation bubble on a compressor blade is formed mode by mode in frequency and spanwise wavenumber from a direct numerical simulation at a Reynolds number of 2.5×10^5 based on the axial chord. The nonlinear transfer between modes is evaluated as a triadic tensor that gives the energy exchanged in every triad, the roles of its three modes, and the location of the exchange. Nine dominant tonal modes are identified: the flapping of the bubble, the Kelvin-Helmholtz mode with its sidebands, a pair of modes near reattachment, and their sum, difference, and harmonic. They hold 8% of the fluctuation energy, and their triads are responsible for 19% of the energy exchanged. Every tonal mode is fed by the mean shear and exports 69 to 82% of the energy it takes from the mean flow. The Kelvin-Helmholtz mode sends 45% of the energy it sheds to lower frequencies. The largest of these transfers is a triad in which it acts as a catalyst. The exchange in each triad is split into nine channels by velocity components. In every triad of spanwise-uniform modes, one channel dominates: the wall-tangential velocity of the donor advected by the wall-normal velocity of the catalyst. For a pair of oblique modes, the same advection by the two-dimensional Kelvin-Helmholtz mode exchanges their spanwise velocity, which the mean flow cannot produce. The rollers thus become three-dimensional through the advecting velocity of the Kelvin-Helmholtz mode, which supplies no energy to the exchange.
ER -