Strong Field Gravitational Lensing in Full Wave Optics

@misc{santos2026strong,
  title = {{Strong Field Gravitational Lensing in Full Wave Optics}},
  author = {João S. Santos and Luka Vujeva},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.18958},
  eprint = {2610.18958},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.18958},
}

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Strong Field Gravitational Lensing in Full Wave Optics
AU  - João S. Santos
AU  - Luka Vujeva
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/26
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.18958
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.18958
AB  - Compact binaries evolving in the vicinity of massive black holes may be commonplace in the Universe, and their gravitational waves carry signatures of their environment. We study the strong lensing of these signals by the massive companion, a configuration that violates the standard assumptions of the lensing literature: geometric optics and thin lenses. Using a perturbative framework, we compute the full wave optics amplification factors for face-on and edge-on binaries, including spinning lenses. In the edge-on configuration, peak amplification does not occur at perfect source--lens--observer alignment, even for a non-spinning lens. This is a consequence of the anisotropic, coherent quadrupolar emission of the stellar-mass binary breaking the axisymmetry of the system. Restricting to the equatorial plane near the optical axis, we then find that the frequency dependence of the amplification factor is universal across every configuration studied, persisting deep into the wave optics regime. Comparing against a strong-field ray tracing calculation, we find agreement at the ∼10% level for a face-on binary lensed by a Schwarzschild black hole. In the less symmetric edge-on case only the angular peak shift and fringe spacing is reproduced to this accuracy. For a Kerr lens, the face-on amplification factor is described by its Schwarzschild counterpart to the same ∼ 10 % accuracy once the effect of frame dragging is corrected for. A point mass lens, by contrast, fails to reproduce the features of the system, which may have strong implications for forecasts that adopt it for lensing by massive black holes in the strong field.
ER  -