A Methodology for Integrating Life Cycle Assessment into a Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization Framework for Sustainable Launcher Development
Abstract
The increasing number of orbital and sub-orbital launches makes it necessary to investigate the environmental impacts of launch vehicles and incorporate eco-design considerations into their development. In response, the European Space Agency has promoted Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a standardization methodology to mitigate environmental impacts of present and future space missions. This need is further amplified in the NewSpace, where numerous configurations and innovative technologies are explored, reinforcing the importance of integrating environmental considerations. At early design stages, launch vehicle architecture can be formalized through a multi-physics optimization problem based on Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization (MDAO) methods, where disciplines such as propulsion, aerodynamics, structure, and trajectory are coupled to obtain trade-offs among candidate configurations. This paper proposes a methodology to integrate an LCA discipline within an MDAO framework for launch vehicle design. The approach relies on parametric life-cycle inventories depending on design and coupling variables, covering component and propellant production as well as transport to the launch site. Launch emissions are evaluated from optimized trajectory profiles and characterized in terms of climate change impact. The methodology is illustrated on a representative expendable launch vehicle, where multi-objective optimizations assess trade-offs between performance and environmental indicators. Results highlight antagonistic behaviors among environmental impact categories, emphasizing the importance of carefully defining environmental objectives in eco-design studies. The generic nature of the methodology lays the foundation for integrating LCA into early-stage launch vehicle design, enabling exploration of trade-offs between performance, cost, and environmental considerations.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{oliveira2026methodology,
title = {{A Methodology for Integrating Life Cycle Assessment into a Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization Framework for Sustainable Launcher Development}},
author = {Alice De Oliveira and Mathieu Balesdent and Loïc Brevault and Annafederica Urbano},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2606.25945},
eprint = {2606.25945},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.25945},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - A Methodology for Integrating Life Cycle Assessment into a Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization Framework for Sustainable Launcher Development
AU - Alice De Oliveira
AU - Mathieu Balesdent
AU - Loïc Brevault
AU - Annafederica Urbano
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/31
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2606.25945
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.25945
AB - The increasing number of orbital and sub-orbital launches makes it necessary to investigate the environmental impacts of launch vehicles and incorporate eco-design considerations into their development. In response, the European Space Agency has promoted Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a standardization methodology to mitigate environmental impacts of present and future space missions. This need is further amplified in the NewSpace, where numerous configurations and innovative technologies are explored, reinforcing the importance of integrating environmental considerations. At early design stages, launch vehicle architecture can be formalized through a multi-physics optimization problem based on Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization (MDAO) methods, where disciplines such as propulsion, aerodynamics, structure, and trajectory are coupled to obtain trade-offs among candidate configurations. This paper proposes a methodology to integrate an LCA discipline within an MDAO framework for launch vehicle design. The approach relies on parametric life-cycle inventories depending on design and coupling variables, covering component and propellant production as well as transport to the launch site. Launch emissions are evaluated from optimized trajectory profiles and characterized in terms of climate change impact. The methodology is illustrated on a representative expendable launch vehicle, where multi-objective optimizations assess trade-offs between performance and environmental indicators. Results highlight antagonistic behaviors among environmental impact categories, emphasizing the importance of carefully defining environmental objectives in eco-design studies. The generic nature of the methodology lays the foundation for integrating LCA into early-stage launch vehicle design, enabling exploration of trade-offs between performance, cost, and environmental considerations.
ER -