Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Frontiers in Oncology19 Oct 2026

Recurrent aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma of the breast with malignant features: a rare case report

Kui Xiao¹
Nianqu Zhang²
Qing Li²
Qiaoran Liu^2,3,4

4 affiliations

¹Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences)
²Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University
³Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University
⁴Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University

Abstract

Aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is generally a benign soft tissue tumor that most commonly occurs in the extremities and trunk. However, its primary presentation in the breast is exceedingly rare. Within this exceptionally rare subset, only isolated case reports have described recurrent AFH with malignant features. Here, we present a case of recurrent aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma with malignant features occurring in the breast. Following recurrence, a 73-year-old female underwent modified radical mastectomy. Based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the resected specimen, combined with imaging findings, a final diagnosis of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) was established. The tumor in this case exhibited an immunophenotype positive for CD34, CD63, and CD68, with a Ki-67 index of approximately 30%, and harbored BCOR and ARID1A gene mutations. We discuss the histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings that supported the diagnosis of UPS and consider whether this recurrent tumor represents progression from the earlier AFH.

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BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@article{xiao2026recurrent,
  title = {{Recurrent aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma of the breast with malignant features: a rare case report}},
  author = {Kui Xiao and Nianqu Zhang and Qing Li and Qiaoran Liu},
  journal = {Frontiers in Oncology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fonc.2026.1899426},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1899426/full},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Recurrent aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma of the breast with malignant features: a rare case report
AU  - Kui Xiao
AU  - Nianqu Zhang
AU  - Qing Li
AU  - Qiaoran Liu
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/19
JO  - Frontiers in Oncology
DO  - 10.3389/fonc.2026.1899426
UR  - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1899426/full
AB  - Aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is generally a benign soft tissue tumor that most commonly occurs in the extremities and trunk. However, its primary presentation in the breast is exceedingly rare. Within this exceptionally rare subset, only isolated case reports have described recurrent AFH with malignant features. Here, we present a case of recurrent aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma with malignant features occurring in the breast. Following recurrence, a 73-year-old female underwent modified radical mastectomy. Based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the resected specimen, combined with imaging findings, a final diagnosis of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) was established. The tumor in this case exhibited an immunophenotype positive for CD34, CD63, and CD68, with a Ki-67 index of approximately 30%, and harbored BCOR and ARID1A gene mutations. We discuss the histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings that supported the diagnosis of UPS and consider whether this recurrent tumor represents progression from the earlier AFH.
SN  - 2234-943X
ER  -

Abstract

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