Longitudinal Receptive-Expressive Language Profiles in Young Autistic Children
- 1University of Geneva
Abstract
Background & AimsLanguage development in autism is heterogeneous and strongly predicts later functioning. The balance between receptive and expressive abilities and their developmental trajectories, however, remains poorly understood. While some autistic children exhibit a relative expressive advantage (ExpAdv), others show receptive advantage (RecAdv) or a balanced profile. Prior studies report inconsistent findings and are often limited by cross-sectional designs and small samples. The present study aimed to (1) describe longitudinal trajectories of receptive and expressive language in autistic and typically developing (TD) children; (2) classify children into ExpAdv, Balanced, and RecAdv profiles across early childhood; and (3) examine the stability and transitions of these profiles over time, including associated clinical features.
MethodsWe analyzed 1,174 longitudinal time points from 318 autistic children and 294 time points from 108 TD children (1.2-5.8 years) from the Geneva Autism Cohort. Receptive and expressive language were assessed with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Receptive-expressive balance was quantified as the ratio of receptive to expressive age equivalent scores, classifying children into ExpAdv, Balanced, and RecAdv profiles using adapted cut-offs. Mixed-effects models examined developmental trajectories, and Sankey diagrams visualized profile transitions. Autism features and adaptive behavior were compared across profiles.
ResultsAutistic children displayed lower expressive and receptive language than TD peers, with receptive abilities exceeding expressive skills in both groups. Overall, 30-35% of autistic children were classified as ExpAdv at 18-36 months, declining to [~]12% by 48-54 months, while Balanced and RecAdv profiles became more prevalent with age. ExpAdv was associated with slower verbal and non{-}verbal developmental gains. Balanced and RecAdv profiles showed moderate stability (50-60%), whereas ExpAdv was less stable and frequently transitioned toward Balanced profiles. Autistic children with stable ExpAdv profiles were more often female and showed weaker adaptive communication.
ConclusionsReceptive-expressive language profiles in autistic children are dynamic. ExpAdv profile is more frequent in younger autistic children, less stable, and linked to slower verbal and non-verbal development and greater autism severity.
ImplicationsExpAdv may represent an early marker of autism associated with slower expressive and receptive language growth. Longitudinal monitoring of receptive and expressive skills is essential, as transitions toward Balanced or RecAdv profiles are associated with improved developmental outcomes. We discuss clinical considerations regarding language assessment, longitudinal monitoring, and interpretation of receptive-expressive profiles.
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BibTeX
@misc{latreche2026longitudinal,
title = {{Longitudinal Receptive-Expressive Language Profiles in Young Autistic Children}},
author = {K. Latreche and M. Godel and F. Journal and N. Kojovic and M. Schaer},
howpublished = {medRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
doi = {10.64898/2026.06.02.26354680},
url = {https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.02.26354680v2},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Longitudinal Receptive-Expressive Language Profiles in Young Autistic Children
AU - K. Latreche
AU - M. Godel
AU - F. Journal
AU - N. Kojovic
AU - M. Schaer
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/02
PB - medRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.06.02.26354680
UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.02.26354680v2
AB - Background & AimsLanguage development in autism is heterogeneous and strongly predicts later functioning. The balance between receptive and expressive abilities and their developmental trajectories, however, remains poorly understood. While some autistic children exhibit a relative expressive advantage (ExpAdv), others show receptive advantage (RecAdv) or a balanced profile. Prior studies report inconsistent findings and are often limited by cross-sectional designs and small samples. The present study aimed to (1) describe longitudinal trajectories of receptive and expressive language in autistic and typically developing (TD) children; (2) classify children into ExpAdv, Balanced, and RecAdv profiles across early childhood; and (3) examine the stability and transitions of these profiles over time, including associated clinical features. MethodsWe analyzed 1,174 longitudinal time points from 318 autistic children and 294 time points from 108 TD children (1.2-5.8 years) from the Geneva Autism Cohort. Receptive and expressive language were assessed with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Receptive-expressive balance was quantified as the ratio of receptive to expressive age equivalent scores, classifying children into ExpAdv, Balanced, and RecAdv profiles using adapted cut-offs. Mixed-effects models examined developmental trajectories, and Sankey diagrams visualized profile transitions. Autism features and adaptive behavior were compared across profiles. ResultsAutistic children displayed lower expressive and receptive language than TD peers, with receptive abilities exceeding expressive skills in both groups. Overall, 30-35% of autistic children were classified as ExpAdv at 18-36 months, declining to [~]12% by 48-54 months, while Balanced and RecAdv profiles became more prevalent with age. ExpAdv was associated with slower verbal and non{-}verbal developmental gains. Balanced and RecAdv profiles showed moderate stability (50-60%), whereas ExpAdv was less stable and frequently transitioned toward Balanced profiles. Autistic children with stable ExpAdv profiles were more often female and showed weaker adaptive communication. ConclusionsReceptive-expressive language profiles in autistic children are dynamic. ExpAdv profile is more frequent in younger autistic children, less stable, and linked to slower verbal and non-verbal development and greater autism severity. ImplicationsExpAdv may represent an early marker of autism associated with slower expressive and receptive language growth. Longitudinal monitoring of receptive and expressive skills is essential, as transitions toward Balanced or RecAdv profiles are associated with improved developmental outcomes. We discuss clinical considerations regarding language assessment, longitudinal monitoring, and interpretation of receptive-expressive profiles.
ER -