Collective Organization of String Fragmentation
Abstract
How coherent confining strings reorganize into hadronic matter is a central open problem in nonequilibrium gauge dynamics. Using real-time tensor-network simulations of the massive Schwinger model, we identify a collective organization underlying string fragmentation. For intermediate masses, the dynamics simplifies and more than 99% of the temporal evolution of the electric-field probability distribution is governed by a single collective mode whose decay tracks the survival probability of the parent string. The extracted survival law exhibits the same Gaussian dependence implied by the Lund world-sheet area law, providing microscopic support for its characteristic area law dependence without assuming the Lund fragmentation mechanism. The same mode controls the transition from the coherent string to the produced mesons, explains the universal non-thermal effective fluid equation of state, and essentially controls the growth of bipartite entanglement through the causal propagation of massive pairs. These results identify collective fragmentation as an organizing principle of coherent string breaking and provide a microscopic perspective on the dynamical origin of a central ingredient of Lund hadronization.
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BibTeX
@misc{janik2026collective,
title = {{Collective Organization of String Fragmentation}},
author = {Romuald A. Janik and Maciej A. Nowak and Marek M. Rams and Ismail Zahed},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.20793},
eprint = {2610.20793},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20793},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Collective Organization of String Fragmentation
AU - Romuald A. Janik
AU - Maciej A. Nowak
AU - Marek M. Rams
AU - Ismail Zahed
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/14
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.20793
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20793
AB - How coherent confining strings reorganize into hadronic matter is a central open problem in nonequilibrium gauge dynamics. Using real-time tensor-network simulations of the massive Schwinger model, we identify a collective organization underlying string fragmentation. For intermediate masses, the dynamics simplifies and more than 99% of the temporal evolution of the electric-field probability distribution is governed by a single collective mode whose decay tracks the survival probability of the parent string. The extracted survival law exhibits the same Gaussian dependence implied by the Lund world-sheet area law, providing microscopic support for its characteristic area law dependence without assuming the Lund fragmentation mechanism. The same mode controls the transition from the coherent string to the produced mesons, explains the universal non-thermal effective fluid equation of state, and essentially controls the growth of bipartite entanglement through the causal propagation of massive pairs. These results identify collective fragmentation as an organizing principle of coherent string breaking and provide a microscopic perspective on the dynamical origin of a central ingredient of Lund hadronization.
ER -