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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-ND 4.0Magnetic resonance imaging

Radiofrequency field gradient encoding methods and applications for magnetic resonance imaging

  • Charlotte R. Sappo1,2,3,4
  • Millie A. Barron1,5
  • R. Todd Constable6,7
  • Gigi Galiana6,7
  • Aaron R. Purchase8,9
  • Sai Abitha Srinivas10
  • Efraín Torres10,11,12
  • Christopher E. Vaughn13
  • Jonathan B. Martin1,2
13 affiliations
  1. 1Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
  2. 2Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
  3. 3Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
  4. 4Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
  5. 5Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
  6. 6Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
  7. 7Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
  8. 8Department of Medical Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  9. 9MagnetaMR Inc., St. Albert, AB, Canada
  10. 10Adialante, Minneapolis, MN, USA
  11. 11Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
  12. 12Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
  13. 13Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract

This article reviews the research area of encoding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with radiofrequency (RF) transmit field gradients. RF gradients are generally investigated as an alternative to the static magnetic field gradients more conventionally employed for imaging. Since first being demonstrated in the 1970s, the number of approaches explored for RF encoding has increased, as have potential applications. Methods such as rotating frame imaging, FREE, TRASE, Bloch–Siegert shift encoding, nonlinear RF encoding, and SENF have been developed and show promise for providing certain advantages over B0-encoded MRI. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) applications also have a long history and certain advantages when RF gradients are used for localization. Despite the interest in developing these methods, challenges remain with the design of associated hardware, integration of encoding, and translation to in-vivo imaging. Here, we provide a survey of the various methods of RF encoding for imaging. We conclude with future directions for RF encoding in its technical development, research utility, and clinical application.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{sappo2026radiofrequency,
  title = {{Radiofrequency field gradient encoding methods and applications for magnetic resonance imaging}},
  author = {Charlotte R. Sappo and Millie A. Barron and R. Todd Constable and Gigi Galiana and Aaron R. Purchase and Sai Abitha Srinivas and Efraín Torres and Christopher E. Vaughn and Jonathan B. Martin},
  journal = {Magnetic resonance imaging},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.1016/j.mri.2026.110788},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2026.110788},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Radiofrequency field gradient encoding methods and applications for magnetic resonance imaging
AU  - Charlotte R. Sappo
AU  - Millie A. Barron
AU  - R. Todd Constable
AU  - Gigi Galiana
AU  - Aaron R. Purchase
AU  - Sai Abitha Srinivas
AU  - Efraín Torres
AU  - Christopher E. Vaughn
AU  - Jonathan B. Martin
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/17
JO  - Magnetic resonance imaging
DO  - 10.1016/j.mri.2026.110788
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2026.110788
AB  - This article reviews the research area of encoding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with radiofrequency (RF) transmit field gradients. RF gradients are generally investigated as an alternative to the static magnetic field gradients more conventionally employed for imaging. Since first being demonstrated in the 1970s, the number of approaches explored for RF encoding has increased, as have potential applications. Methods such as rotating frame imaging, FREE, TRASE, Bloch–Siegert shift encoding, nonlinear RF encoding, and SENF have been developed and show promise for providing certain advantages over B0-encoded MRI. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) applications also have a long history and certain advantages when RF gradients are used for localization. Despite the interest in developing these methods, challenges remain with the design of associated hardware, integration of encoding, and translation to in-vivo imaging. Here, we provide a survey of the various methods of RF encoding for imaging. We conclude with future directions for RF encoding in its technical development, research utility, and clinical application.
SN  - 0730-725X
SN  - 1873-5894
ER  -