Exploring College Students' Compliance During a 60-Day Alcohol-Related Ecological Momentary Assessment Using Location- and Time-Based Questions: Prospective Observational Study.
- 1Department of Psychology, Health, Medicine and Society Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States.
- 2College of Health, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States.
- 3Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.
Abstract
Background
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods can provide assessment of alcohol-related beliefs and behaviors when people are in their natural environments. An increasingly common EMA approach involves the use of passive sensors (eg, continuous sharing of Bluetooth and GPS cell phone data) to collect rich data and trigger alcohol assessment in specific contexts. While collecting real-time assessments allows researchers to explore contextual factors impacting alcohol use, there is a lack of research examining compliance rates to alcohol-related EMAs that use daily questions for study periods over 2 weeks. EMAs over longer periods allow researchers to assess meaningful changes over time and sample low-base-rate events. Further, there is limited research exploring how EMA compliance is influenced by individual-level factors (eg, privacy concerns and alcohol use). Identifying factors associated with compliance can help inform EMA protocol design.Objective
This study had 2 primary goals. First, we add to the literature by examining the feasibility and acceptability of a 60-day college student alcohol-EMA that uses phone-based, passive sensors. Second, we examined whether compliance was associated with event-level alcohol use, privacy concerns, and types of questions asked (ie, questions triggered by time or GPS location).Methods
College students (N=68) who reported regular alcohol use completed the 60-day EMA study. At baseline, participants completed an online survey that included an assessment of privacy concerns. During the study period, participants completed up to 15 questions a day, including evening and morning self-reports of alcohol use. Feasibility was assessed based on enrollment, retention, and compliance rates. Acceptability was examined at the end of the study period using open- and close-answered questions on perceptions of the EMA experience.Results
The findings supported the feasibility of the 60-day EMA with enrollment exceeding benchmarks and high compliance across the study period (average compliance=90%). Overall, students found the protocol acceptable with 88% (58/66) indicating that they would be willing to complete another EMA study. Participants' compliance was not associated with alcohol use at the event-level (odds ratio [OR] 0.94, 95% CI 0.80-1.10) or at the trait level (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.73-1.17). Participants' compliance was greater for time-trigger assessment than GPS-triggered questions (P<.001). Privacy concerns were not associated with reduced responding.Conclusions
This study has implications for those designing alcohol EMAs for college populations that involve the use of passive sensors, including recommendations for balancing predictable timing of questions and variability in question content.
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BibTeX
@article{napper2026exploring,
title = {{Exploring College Students' Compliance During a 60-Day Alcohol-Related Ecological Momentary Assessment Using Location- and Time-Based Questions: Prospective Observational Study.}},
author = {Lucy E Napper and Bilal Khan and Gavin Q Fox and Mohamed K Saad and Laura C Wolter and Dennis E McChargue},
journal = {JMIR mHealth and uHealth},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.2196/81713},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42855148},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Exploring College Students' Compliance During a 60-Day Alcohol-Related Ecological Momentary Assessment Using Location- and Time-Based Questions: Prospective Observational Study.
AU - Lucy E Napper
AU - Bilal Khan
AU - Gavin Q Fox
AU - Mohamed K Saad
AU - Laura C Wolter
AU - Dennis E McChargue
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/09
JO - JMIR mHealth and uHealth
DO - 10.2196/81713
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42855148
AB - Background Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods can provide assessment of alcohol-related beliefs and behaviors when people are in their natural environments. An increasingly common EMA approach involves the use of passive sensors (eg, continuous sharing of Bluetooth and GPS cell phone data) to collect rich data and trigger alcohol assessment in specific contexts. While collecting real-time assessments allows researchers to explore contextual factors impacting alcohol use, there is a lack of research examining compliance rates to alcohol-related EMAs that use daily questions for study periods over 2 weeks. EMAs over longer periods allow researchers to assess meaningful changes over time and sample low-base-rate events. Further, there is limited research exploring how EMA compliance is influenced by individual-level factors (eg, privacy concerns and alcohol use). Identifying factors associated with compliance can help inform EMA protocol design.Objective This study had 2 primary goals. First, we add to the literature by examining the feasibility and acceptability of a 60-day college student alcohol-EMA that uses phone-based, passive sensors. Second, we examined whether compliance was associated with event-level alcohol use, privacy concerns, and types of questions asked (ie, questions triggered by time or GPS location).Methods College students (N=68) who reported regular alcohol use completed the 60-day EMA study. At baseline, participants completed an online survey that included an assessment of privacy concerns. During the study period, participants completed up to 15 questions a day, including evening and morning self-reports of alcohol use. Feasibility was assessed based on enrollment, retention, and compliance rates. Acceptability was examined at the end of the study period using open- and close-answered questions on perceptions of the EMA experience.Results The findings supported the feasibility of the 60-day EMA with enrollment exceeding benchmarks and high compliance across the study period (average compliance=90%). Overall, students found the protocol acceptable with 88% (58/66) indicating that they would be willing to complete another EMA study. Participants' compliance was not associated with alcohol use at the event-level (odds ratio [OR] 0.94, 95% CI 0.80-1.10) or at the trait level (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.73-1.17). Participants' compliance was greater for time-trigger assessment than GPS-triggered questions (P<.001). Privacy concerns were not associated with reduced responding.Conclusions This study has implications for those designing alcohol EMAs for college populations that involve the use of passive sensors, including recommendations for balancing predictable timing of questions and variability in question content.
SN - 2291-5222
ER -