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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Journal of Clinical Medicine

The Pterygoid Anchorage Spatial Adequacy Concept: A CT-Based Morphometric Framework for Pterygoid Implant Planning

  • Bartosz Bielecki-Kowalski1
  • Matteo Giorgi2
  • Natalia Bielecka-Kowalska3
  • Daria Adrianowicz4
  • Katarzyna Bogusiak1
4 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
  2. 2Department of Dentistry, Vita-Salute University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
  3. 3Department of Oral Mucosal and Periodontal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
  4. 4Student Scientific Circle of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Pterygoid implant placement remains technically demanding due to the complex three-dimensional anatomy of the pterygomaxillary region and its close relationship with critical neurovascular structures. The aim of this study was to introduce the Pterygoid Anchorage Spatial Adequacy (PASA) concept, a computed tomography (CT)-based morphometric framework for evaluating anatomical conditions relevant to pterygoid implant placement. Methods: A total of 157 CT scans were included, providing 314 pterygo-maxillo-palatal regions for analysis. Measurements included the distance between the pterygomaxillary fissure and greater palatine canal (PF–GPC), the maxillary tuberosity and greater palatine canal (MT–GPC), pterygoid process height (PPH), and anterior corridor width (PWW-1). Results: PF–GPC ≤ 4 mm was found in 69 regions (22.0%) and was associated with greater PPH and lower MT–GPC values. Age showed negative associations with MT–GPC and PWW-1, while the presence of posterior maxillary molars was associated with wider anterior corridor dimensions and larger angular parameter values. The PF–GPC distance demonstrated substantial interindividual variability, indicating that neurovascular clearance cannot be assumed to be constant. Conclusions: The PASA concept integrates neurovascular clearance, pterygoid morphology, maxillary dimensions, and dentition-related changes into a structured anatomical assessment and may contribute to more individualized preoperative anatomical assessment of pterygoid implant placement.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{bieleckikowalski2026pterygoid,
  title = {{The Pterygoid Anchorage Spatial Adequacy Concept: A CT-Based Morphometric Framework for Pterygoid Implant Planning}},
  author = {Bartosz Bielecki-Kowalski and Matteo Giorgi and Natalia Bielecka-Kowalska and Daria Adrianowicz and Katarzyna Bogusiak},
  journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/jcm15218388},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8388},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - The Pterygoid Anchorage Spatial Adequacy Concept: A CT-Based Morphometric Framework for Pterygoid Implant Planning
AU  - Bartosz Bielecki-Kowalski
AU  - Matteo Giorgi
AU  - Natalia Bielecka-Kowalska
AU  - Daria Adrianowicz
AU  - Katarzyna Bogusiak
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/28
JO  - Journal of Clinical Medicine
DO  - 10.3390/jcm15218388
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8388
AB  - Background/Objectives: Pterygoid implant placement remains technically demanding due to the complex three-dimensional anatomy of the pterygomaxillary region and its close relationship with critical neurovascular structures. The aim of this study was to introduce the Pterygoid Anchorage Spatial Adequacy (PASA) concept, a computed tomography (CT)-based morphometric framework for evaluating anatomical conditions relevant to pterygoid implant placement. Methods: A total of 157 CT scans were included, providing 314 pterygo-maxillo-palatal regions for analysis. Measurements included the distance between the pterygomaxillary fissure and greater palatine canal (PF–GPC), the maxillary tuberosity and greater palatine canal (MT–GPC), pterygoid process height (PPH), and anterior corridor width (PWW-1). Results: PF–GPC ≤ 4 mm was found in 69 regions (22.0%) and was associated with greater PPH and lower MT–GPC values. Age showed negative associations with MT–GPC and PWW-1, while the presence of posterior maxillary molars was associated with wider anterior corridor dimensions and larger angular parameter values. The PF–GPC distance demonstrated substantial interindividual variability, indicating that neurovascular clearance cannot be assumed to be constant. Conclusions: The PASA concept integrates neurovascular clearance, pterygoid morphology, maxillary dimensions, and dentition-related changes into a structured anatomical assessment and may contribute to more individualized preoperative anatomical assessment of pterygoid implant placement.
SN  - 2077-0383
ER  -