Environment-dependent responses of soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities and functional gene profiles to protected and open-field cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata
- 1Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- 2Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University
Abstract
The cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata involves substantial organic substrate input and fungal mycelial activity, which may influence soil nutrient transformation, microbial communities and functional gene profiles. However, whether these responses differ between protected and open-field cultivation settings remains unclear at the metagenomic level. In this study, four treatments were investigated: protected cultivation soil (NT), protected uncultivated soil (NK), open-field cultivation soil (ZT) and open-field uncultivated soil (ZK). Soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities and shotgun metagenomes were analyzed to compare cultivation-associated soil responses under the two sampled cultivation settings. Protected cultivation showed more evident biochemical responses than open-field cultivation. Compared with NK, NT had significantly higher NH 4 + -N content and sucrase activity, together with lower soil salinity and electrical conductivity, whereas no significant differences in the measured soil properties were detected between ZT and ZK. Exploratory two-way ANOVA indicated setting-associated variation in several soil variables and significant interaction effects for NH 4 + -N and NO 3 - -N. Metagenomic analysis showed treatment-associated variation in specific classified genera, with Cellvibrio and Flavobacterium showing higher relative abundances in cultivated soils. However, PERMANOVA did not detect significant separation in the overall genus-level community structure. KEGG functional profiles remained broadly stable across treatments, although protected cultivation showed more evident variation in selected functional categories. Antibiotic resistance gene profiles also exhibited treatment-specific patterns. Overall, S. rugosoannulata cultivation did not induce uniform microbial community restructuring or consistent soil improvement, but was associated with context-dependent responses in soil biochemical properties, specific microbial taxa, functional potential and resistome composition. These findings provide metagenomic insights for soil health management and resistome monitoring in continuous edible mushroom cultivation systems.
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BibTeX
@article{ji2026environmentdependent,
title = {{Environment-dependent responses of soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities and functional gene profiles to protected and open-field cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata}},
author = {Wei Ji and Xueyan Tang and Xiaomei Liu and Wenying Su and Wenbo Chai and Kelong Chen and Jintao Ge and Baoxiang Wang},
journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1912245},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1912245/full},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Environment-dependent responses of soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities and functional gene profiles to protected and open-field cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata
AU - Wei Ji
AU - Xueyan Tang
AU - Xiaomei Liu
AU - Wenying Su
AU - Wenbo Chai
AU - Kelong Chen
AU - Jintao Ge
AU - Baoxiang Wang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/14
JO - Frontiers in Microbiology
DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1912245
UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1912245/full
AB - The cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata involves substantial organic substrate input and fungal mycelial activity, which may influence soil nutrient transformation, microbial communities and functional gene profiles. However, whether these responses differ between protected and open-field cultivation settings remains unclear at the metagenomic level. In this study, four treatments were investigated: protected cultivation soil (NT), protected uncultivated soil (NK), open-field cultivation soil (ZT) and open-field uncultivated soil (ZK). Soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities and shotgun metagenomes were analyzed to compare cultivation-associated soil responses under the two sampled cultivation settings. Protected cultivation showed more evident biochemical responses than open-field cultivation. Compared with NK, NT had significantly higher NH 4 + -N content and sucrase activity, together with lower soil salinity and electrical conductivity, whereas no significant differences in the measured soil properties were detected between ZT and ZK. Exploratory two-way ANOVA indicated setting-associated variation in several soil variables and significant interaction effects for NH 4 + -N and NO 3 - -N. Metagenomic analysis showed treatment-associated variation in specific classified genera, with Cellvibrio and Flavobacterium showing higher relative abundances in cultivated soils. However, PERMANOVA did not detect significant separation in the overall genus-level community structure. KEGG functional profiles remained broadly stable across treatments, although protected cultivation showed more evident variation in selected functional categories. Antibiotic resistance gene profiles also exhibited treatment-specific patterns. Overall, S. rugosoannulata cultivation did not induce uniform microbial community restructuring or consistent soil improvement, but was associated with context-dependent responses in soil biochemical properties, specific microbial taxa, functional potential and resistome composition. These findings provide metagenomic insights for soil health management and resistome monitoring in continuous edible mushroom cultivation systems.
SN - 1664-302X
ER -