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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0The Astrophysical Journal

Empirical Effective-temperature Calibrations for Galactic BA Supergiants

  • N. L. Vaidman1,2
  • A. S. Miroshnichenko1,2,3
  • Sh. T. Nurmakhametova2
  • S. Danford3
  • S. A. Khokhlov1,2
  • I. M. Izmailova1
  • Ch. T. Omarov1
  • S. V. Zharikov4
  • D. E. Yakhiya2
  • A. T. Agishev1,2
  • A. A. Khokhlov2
  • D. T. Agishev2
4 affiliations
  1. 1Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute
  2. 2Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
  3. 3University of North Carolina at Greensboro
  4. 4Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Abstract

We present empirical effective temperature ( T eff ) calibrations for Galactic supergiants of spectral types B5–A5 based on optical spectra. The relationships were derived from a reference sample with adopted literature temperatures and use equivalent widths, central line depths, and ratios of selected spectral features as temperature indicators. Quadratic relationships are established for individual diagnostics and their ratios. Collectively, the calibrations span a T eff interval from 8400 to 14,700 K, while the validity range of each relationship is individually specified. Detailed quantitative atmospheric analyses remain indispensable for deriving physically consistent stellar parameters. However, their application to extensive spectroscopic samples is observationally and computationally demanding. The empirical relationships presented here provide a homogeneous and readily applicable temperature scale for the characterization of Galactic BA supergiants. The complete calibration tables, including fitted coefficients and uncertainty information, together with an interactive Python tool to apply the relationships, are publicly available through Zenodo. The reduced continuum-normalized spectra and associated metadata are published through a Virtual Observatory–compliant service of the Kazakhstan National Virtual Observatory.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{vaidman2026empirical,
  title = {{Empirical Effective-temperature Calibrations for Galactic BA Supergiants}},
  author = {N. L. Vaidman and A. S. Miroshnichenko and Sh. T. Nurmakhametova and S. Danford and S. A. Khokhlov and I. M. Izmailova and Ch. T. Omarov and S. V. Zharikov and D. E. Yakhiya and A. T. Agishev and A. A. Khokhlov and D. T. Agishev},
  journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae9c37},
  url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae9c37},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Empirical Effective-temperature Calibrations for Galactic BA Supergiants
AU  - N. L. Vaidman
AU  - A. S. Miroshnichenko
AU  - Sh. T. Nurmakhametova
AU  - S. Danford
AU  - S. A. Khokhlov
AU  - I. M. Izmailova
AU  - Ch. T. Omarov
AU  - S. V. Zharikov
AU  - D. E. Yakhiya
AU  - A. T. Agishev
AU  - A. A. Khokhlov
AU  - D. T. Agishev
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/07
JO  - The Astrophysical Journal
DO  - 10.3847/1538-4357/ae9c37
UR  - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae9c37
AB  - We present empirical effective temperature ( T eff ) calibrations for Galactic supergiants of spectral types B5–A5 based on optical spectra. The relationships were derived from a reference sample with adopted literature temperatures and use equivalent widths, central line depths, and ratios of selected spectral features as temperature indicators. Quadratic relationships are established for individual diagnostics and their ratios. Collectively, the calibrations span a T eff interval from 8400 to 14,700 K, while the validity range of each relationship is individually specified. Detailed quantitative atmospheric analyses remain indispensable for deriving physically consistent stellar parameters. However, their application to extensive spectroscopic samples is observationally and computationally demanding. The empirical relationships presented here provide a homogeneous and readily applicable temperature scale for the characterization of Galactic BA supergiants. The complete calibration tables, including fitted coefficients and uncertainty information, together with an interactive Python tool to apply the relationships, are publicly available through Zenodo. The reduced continuum-normalized spectra and associated metadata are published through a Virtual Observatory–compliant service of the Kazakhstan National Virtual Observatory.
SN  - 0004-637X
SN  - 1538-4357
ER  -