A time-varying speed of light and implications for the evolution of the universe, Part I: Establishing a variable light speed model
Abstract
A theoretical framework is developed to explain the observed cosmological redshifts in terms of a static universe and time-varying properties of the speed of light. It is found that the observed wavelength and frequency of light from distant sources differs from that of the laboratory frame owing to a combination of spatial and spectral effects (i.e. the propagation of light through space and time-varying properties of atomic emission spectra, respectively). Interactions of photons with a time-varying vacuum field results in the variation of the speed of light and other fundamental constants which also leads to changes in the electronic transition properties of atoms. Quasar redshift data are used to constrain model parameters and to derive a nonlinear differential equation for the speed of light. Solutions are presented for the time dependence of c(t), d(t) and z(t). Close agreement is found between the observation data and the redshift-distance modulus predictions of the variable light speed model.
In this latest edition, several additions have been added, including a more in-depth discussion of units of measure, standard measuring sticks, constancy in time, and Lorentz transformation properties for a universe with time-varying constants. Also an in-depth discussion section of the general predictions and findings of the VLS framework is presented.
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BibTeX
@misc{bakalian2026timevarying,
title = {{A time-varying speed of light and implications for the evolution of the universe, Part I: Establishing a variable light speed model}},
author = {Faez Bakalian},
howpublished = {OSF Preprints},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.31219/osf.io/kzt5a_v2},
url = {https://osf.io/kzt5a_v2/},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - A time-varying speed of light and implications for the evolution of the universe, Part I: Establishing a variable light speed model
AU - Faez Bakalian
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/07
PB - OSF Preprints
DO - 10.31219/osf.io/kzt5a_v2
UR - https://osf.io/kzt5a_v2/
AB - A theoretical framework is developed to explain the observed cosmological redshifts in terms of a static universe and time-varying properties of the speed of light. It is found that the observed wavelength and frequency of light from distant sources differs from that of the laboratory frame owing to a combination of spatial and spectral effects (i.e. the propagation of light through space and time-varying properties of atomic emission spectra, respectively). Interactions of photons with a time-varying vacuum field results in the variation of the speed of light and other fundamental constants which also leads to changes in the electronic transition properties of atoms. Quasar redshift data are used to constrain model parameters and to derive a nonlinear differential equation for the speed of light. Solutions are presented for the time dependence of c(t), d(t) and z(t). Close agreement is found between the observation data and the redshift-distance modulus predictions of the variable light speed model. In this latest edition, several additions have been added, including a more in-depth discussion of units of measure, standard measuring sticks, constancy in time, and Lorentz transformation properties for a universe with time-varying constants. Also an in-depth discussion section of the general predictions and findings of the VLS framework is presented.
ER -