Synthesis Optimization of Chitosan-Derived Carbon Dots for Gelatin Capsule Waste/Gum Arabic Active Packaging Films
5 affiliations
- 1Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- 2Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- 3School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- 4Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- 5Unit of Innovative Food Packaging and Biomaterials, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize the synthesis of chitosan-derived carbon dots (CS-CDs) and incorporate them into gelatin capsule waste/Gum Arabic (Gel/GA) composite films for sustainable active packaging of minced fish. CS-CDs were synthesized hydrothermally at 180, 200, and 220 °C for 4, 5, and 6 h. The optimal condition was 200 °C for 6 h, producing spherical nanoparticles below 10 nm with strong blue fluorescence, a maximum absorbance at 293 nm, and antioxidant activities of 56% (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl: DPPH) and 66% (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid): ABTS) at a concentration of 20% (v/v), together with antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. enteritidis, and E. coli. The optimized CS-CDs were incorporated into Gel/GA films at 0–2% (w/v), significantly increasing tensile strength from 2.20 to 4.19 MPa and improving water resistance (p < 0.05). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities increased with CS-CD concentration. Gel/GA/CD-2 exhibited the best overall performance and effectively preserved minced fish at room temperature for up to 48 h by reducing microbial growth and lipid oxidation. Overall, integrating CS-CDs with upcycled gelatin capsule waste provides a promising approach for developing multifunctional biodegradable active packaging with enhanced mechanical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties for seafood preservation.
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BibTeX
@article{pipatvoratam2026synthesis,
title = {{Synthesis Optimization of Chitosan-Derived Carbon Dots for Gelatin Capsule Waste/Gum Arabic Active Packaging Films}},
author = {Songporn Pipatvoratam and Prangruthai Boorapha and Khanittha Chinarak and Pudthaya Kumnerdsiri and Lalitphan Kitsanayanyong and Anurak Uchuwittayakul and Jaksuma Pongsetkul and Samart Sai-ut and Saroat Rawdkuen and Passakorn Kingwascharapong},
journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.3390/ijms27219886},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9886},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Synthesis Optimization of Chitosan-Derived Carbon Dots for Gelatin Capsule Waste/Gum Arabic Active Packaging Films
AU - Songporn Pipatvoratam
AU - Prangruthai Boorapha
AU - Khanittha Chinarak
AU - Pudthaya Kumnerdsiri
AU - Lalitphan Kitsanayanyong
AU - Anurak Uchuwittayakul
AU - Jaksuma Pongsetkul
AU - Samart Sai-ut
AU - Saroat Rawdkuen
AU - Passakorn Kingwascharapong
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/04
JO - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DO - 10.3390/ijms27219886
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9886
AB - This study aimed to optimize the synthesis of chitosan-derived carbon dots (CS-CDs) and incorporate them into gelatin capsule waste/Gum Arabic (Gel/GA) composite films for sustainable active packaging of minced fish. CS-CDs were synthesized hydrothermally at 180, 200, and 220 °C for 4, 5, and 6 h. The optimal condition was 200 °C for 6 h, producing spherical nanoparticles below 10 nm with strong blue fluorescence, a maximum absorbance at 293 nm, and antioxidant activities of 56% (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl: DPPH) and 66% (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid): ABTS) at a concentration of 20% (v/v), together with antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. enteritidis, and E. coli. The optimized CS-CDs were incorporated into Gel/GA films at 0–2% (w/v), significantly increasing tensile strength from 2.20 to 4.19 MPa and improving water resistance (p < 0.05). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities increased with CS-CD concentration. Gel/GA/CD-2 exhibited the best overall performance and effectively preserved minced fish at room temperature for up to 48 h by reducing microbial growth and lipid oxidation. Overall, integrating CS-CDs with upcycled gelatin capsule waste provides a promising approach for developing multifunctional biodegradable active packaging with enhanced mechanical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties for seafood preservation.
SN - 1422-0067
ER -