Evolving dark energy and a younger Universe from cosmic inhomogeneity
Abstract
Joint analyses of baryon acoustic oscillations, type Ia supernovae and the cosmic microwave background show a preference for an evolving dark-energy equation of state, and recent studies suggest that cosmic inhomogeneities can produce an apparent evolution of dark energy within general relativity. Here we examine this effect within a framework in which the possibility that matter can be unevenly distributed enters the expansion dynamics directly. The framework yields redshift-dependent effective values of the Hubble constant and of the dark-energy density parameter without introducing a new free parameter. Using CMB-inferred parameters to fix the homogeneous limit, we find that the dark-energy density parameter increases by about eight percent toward the present, from 0.679 to 0.735, while the inferred Hubble constant shifts from the Planck value toward the range obtained from local measurements. Both trends are broadly consistent with published estimates from supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, X-ray clusters and gravitational waves, although a joint analysis of the underlying data is left for future work. Integrating the resulting expansion history gives a present-day cosmic age of 13.521 Gyr, compared with 13.827 Gyr for the homogeneous model; we interpret the difference of 0.306 Gyr as a global time dilation between the two descriptions. The framework also yields the homogeneous-limit dark-energy density parameter, two thirds, from the formation of volume alone. The predicted redshift dependences can be tested against forthcoming measurements of cosmic distances and expansion rates.
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BibTeX
@misc{yang2026evolving,
title = {{Evolving dark energy and a younger Universe from cosmic inhomogeneity}},
author = {Jacky David Yang and Hans-Otto Carmesin},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.31543},
eprint = {2609.31543},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.31543},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Evolving dark energy and a younger Universe from cosmic inhomogeneity
AU - Jacky David Yang
AU - Hans-Otto Carmesin
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/14
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.31543
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.31543
AB - Joint analyses of baryon acoustic oscillations, type Ia supernovae and the cosmic microwave background show a preference for an evolving dark-energy equation of state, and recent studies suggest that cosmic inhomogeneities can produce an apparent evolution of dark energy within general relativity. Here we examine this effect within a framework in which the possibility that matter can be unevenly distributed enters the expansion dynamics directly. The framework yields redshift-dependent effective values of the Hubble constant and of the dark-energy density parameter without introducing a new free parameter. Using CMB-inferred parameters to fix the homogeneous limit, we find that the dark-energy density parameter increases by about eight percent toward the present, from 0.679 to 0.735, while the inferred Hubble constant shifts from the Planck value toward the range obtained from local measurements. Both trends are broadly consistent with published estimates from supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, X-ray clusters and gravitational waves, although a joint analysis of the underlying data is left for future work. Integrating the resulting expansion history gives a present-day cosmic age of 13.521 Gyr, compared with 13.827 Gyr for the homogeneous model; we interpret the difference of 0.306 Gyr as a global time dilation between the two descriptions. The framework also yields the homogeneous-limit dark-energy density parameter, two thirds, from the formation of volume alone. The predicted redshift dependences can be tested against forthcoming measurements of cosmic distances and expansion rates.
ER -