Discovering Kinetically Significant Reaction Mechanisms Beyond Chemical Intuition in Condensed-Phase Radiolysis
Abstract
Many important chemical systems, from radiation-driven processes to condensed-phase photochemistry, involve reaction mechanisms that are so complex it is a challenge to characterize them experimentally or predict them from chemical intuition. Existing computational approaches to mechanism discovery typically assess pathway importance through thermodynamic favorability alone, which does not provide time-dependent kinetics or inform how to model spatial inhomogeneities. Here we describe an integrated workflow that discovers complex reaction mechanisms without prescribing them and connects molecular-scale reactivity to spatiotemporal observables. The workflow combines high-throughput DFT, automated reaction network construction with chemical plausibility filtering, stochastic pathway sampling to identify reactions which are likely to occur, and spatially resolved reaction-diffusion kinetics simulations with explicit tracking of species in space and time. To demonstrate the workflow on a system of high complexity, we apply it to radiolytic chemistry in an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) organic polymer thin film photoresist, where a single 92 eV photon initiates cascades of radical ions, fragments, and low-energy electrons across a nanoscale radiolytic spur. Starting from over 3,300 species and millions of candidate reactions, the workflow identifies the most likely reaction pathways and produces spatiotemporal maps that resolve product formation on femtosecond-to-nanosecond timescales across a 15.5-nm domain. The simulations predict products detected experimentally and reveal that the identity of the initially photoionized species profoundly shapes the downstream product distribution through multi-step pathways governing the balance between deprotection and crosslinking reactions. The methodology is broadly applicable to complex condensed-phase reactive systems.
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BibTeX
@misc{kumar2026discovering,
title = {{Discovering Kinetically Significant Reaction Mechanisms Beyond Chemical Intuition in Condensed-Phase Radiolysis}},
author = {Nitesh Kumar and Jacob R. Milton and Eric Sivonxay and Brett A. Helms and Frances A. Houle and Samuel M. Blau},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.16512},
eprint = {2609.16512},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.16512},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Discovering Kinetically Significant Reaction Mechanisms Beyond Chemical Intuition in Condensed-Phase Radiolysis
AU - Nitesh Kumar
AU - Jacob R. Milton
AU - Eric Sivonxay
AU - Brett A. Helms
AU - Frances A. Houle
AU - Samuel M. Blau
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/15
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.16512
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.16512
AB - Many important chemical systems, from radiation-driven processes to condensed-phase photochemistry, involve reaction mechanisms that are so complex it is a challenge to characterize them experimentally or predict them from chemical intuition. Existing computational approaches to mechanism discovery typically assess pathway importance through thermodynamic favorability alone, which does not provide time-dependent kinetics or inform how to model spatial inhomogeneities. Here we describe an integrated workflow that discovers complex reaction mechanisms without prescribing them and connects molecular-scale reactivity to spatiotemporal observables. The workflow combines high-throughput DFT, automated reaction network construction with chemical plausibility filtering, stochastic pathway sampling to identify reactions which are likely to occur, and spatially resolved reaction-diffusion kinetics simulations with explicit tracking of species in space and time. To demonstrate the workflow on a system of high complexity, we apply it to radiolytic chemistry in an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) organic polymer thin film photoresist, where a single 92 eV photon initiates cascades of radical ions, fragments, and low-energy electrons across a nanoscale radiolytic spur. Starting from over 3,300 species and millions of candidate reactions, the workflow identifies the most likely reaction pathways and produces spatiotemporal maps that resolve product formation on femtosecond-to-nanosecond timescales across a 15.5-nm domain. The simulations predict products detected experimentally and reveal that the identity of the initially photoionized species profoundly shapes the downstream product distribution through multi-step pathways governing the balance between deprotection and crosslinking reactions. The methodology is broadly applicable to complex condensed-phase reactive systems.
ER -