Gravitational Waves as a Probe of Multi-Fluid Cosmologies: General Formalism and the Case of Cosmological Stasis
Abstract
Scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) provide a powerful probe of the expansion history of the universe prior to the Big Bang. Indeed, the production of such gravity waves depends on the evolution of first-order scalar perturbations within the early universe, while their subsequent propagation depends on the background equation of state. In this paper we extend previous discussions by studying SIGWs in cosmologies containing multiple fluids. As we shall demonstrate, the gravitational-wave signal within such multi-fluid cosmologies is modified in two distinct ways: not only are there new velocity effects which have no single-fluid analogues, but there are also significant alterations to the subsequent redshifting of modes that enter the horizon before the multi-fluid era ends. Thus SIGWs provide a probe of not only the overall expansion rate within such cosmologies, but also their internal multi-fluid composition. As an example, we then consider the case of gravitational waves arising during an epoch of cosmological stasis. During such an epoch, the abundances of energy components with different equations of state remain constant, thereby giving rise to a universe with a constant effective equation of state which nevertheless remains genuinely multi-fluid despite cosmological expansion. Despite their constant equations of state, we find that such stasis cosmologies also give rise to tensor power spectra and present-day gravitational-wave abundances which are significantly different from those expected within a standard radiation-dominated universe.
Related
- Stasis Combs: Gravitational-Wave Signatures of Recurrent Cosmological Stasis
- Evidence for deviation in gravitational light deflection from general relativity at cosmological scales with KiDS-Legacy and CMB lensing
- Cosmological stasis and the coupled dark sector of the Dark Dimension
- Cosmological Backreaction and the Separate Universe Conjecture: Dynamical volume partitioning of Newtonian cosmologies
- Cosmological-perturbation equations from the total-angular-momentum formalism
BibTeX
@misc{dienes2026gravitational,
title = {{Gravitational Waves as a Probe of Multi-Fluid Cosmologies: General Formalism and the Case of Cosmological Stasis}},
author = {Keith R. Dienes and Fazlollah Hajkarim and Lucien Heurtier and Fei Huang and Kuver Sinha and Brooks Thomas and Tao Xu},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.23808},
eprint = {2610.23808},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23808},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Gravitational Waves as a Probe of Multi-Fluid Cosmologies: General Formalism and the Case of Cosmological Stasis
AU - Keith R. Dienes
AU - Fazlollah Hajkarim
AU - Lucien Heurtier
AU - Fei Huang
AU - Kuver Sinha
AU - Brooks Thomas
AU - Tao Xu
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/16
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.23808
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23808
AB - Scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) provide a powerful probe of the expansion history of the universe prior to the Big Bang. Indeed, the production of such gravity waves depends on the evolution of first-order scalar perturbations within the early universe, while their subsequent propagation depends on the background equation of state. In this paper we extend previous discussions by studying SIGWs in cosmologies containing multiple fluids. As we shall demonstrate, the gravitational-wave signal within such multi-fluid cosmologies is modified in two distinct ways: not only are there new velocity effects which have no single-fluid analogues, but there are also significant alterations to the subsequent redshifting of modes that enter the horizon before the multi-fluid era ends. Thus SIGWs provide a probe of not only the overall expansion rate within such cosmologies, but also their internal multi-fluid composition. As an example, we then consider the case of gravitational waves arising during an epoch of cosmological stasis. During such an epoch, the abundances of energy components with different equations of state remain constant, thereby giving rise to a universe with a constant effective equation of state which nevertheless remains genuinely multi-fluid despite cosmological expansion. Despite their constant equations of state, we find that such stasis cosmologies also give rise to tensor power spectra and present-day gravitational-wave abundances which are significantly different from those expected within a standard radiation-dominated universe.
ER -