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Peer-reviewedCC BYThe Astrophysical Journal Letters

GWTC-4.0: Constraints on the Cosmic Expansion Rate and Modified Gravitational-wave Propagation

  • Adrian Abac1
  • I. Abouelfettouh2
  • F. Acernese3,4
  • K. Ackley5
  • Christian Adamcewicz6
  • S. Adhicary7
  • D. Adhikari8,1
  • N. Adhikari9
  • R. X. Adhikari10
  • V. K. Adkins11
  • Samsuzzaman Afroz12
  • A. Agapito13
88 more authors
  • D. Agarwal14
  • M. Agathos15
  • Nancy Aggarwal16
  • S. Aggarwal17
  • Odylio D. Aguiar18
  • I.-L. Ahrend19
  • L. Aiello3,20
  • A. Ain21
  • P. Ajith12
  • Tomotada Akutsu22
  • Simone Albanesi23,24
  • W. Ali3,25
  • S. Al-Kershi8,1
  • C. Alléné26
  • A. Allocca3,27
  • S. Al-Shammari28
  • P. A. Altin29
  • S. Álvarez-López30
  • W. Amar26
  • O. Amarasinghe28
  • A. Amato31,32
  • F. Amicucci3,33
  • Claude Amra34
  • A. Ananyeva10
  • S. B. Anderson10
  • Warren G. Anderson10
  • M. Andia35
  • M. Ando36
  • Marc Andrés-Carcasona37
  • T. Andrić38,3,8,1
  • J. Anglin39
  • Stefano Ansoldi3,40
  • Javier Mauricio Antelis
  • S. Antier35
  • M. Aoumi
  • E. Z. Appavuravther3
  • S. Appert10
  • S. K. Apple
  • Koji Arai10
  • A. Araya36
  • M. C. Araya10
  • Manuel Arca Sedda38,3
  • J. S. Areeda
  • N. Aritomi2
  • F. Armato3,25
  • Sharon Armstrong
  • N. Arnaud
  • M. Arogeti

60 listed; 100 in total.

40 affiliations
  1. 1Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)
  2. 2LIGO Hanford Observatory
  3. 3INFN
  4. 4Università di Salerno
  5. 5University of Warwick
  6. 6Monash University
  7. 7The Pennsylvania State University
  8. 8Leibniz Universität Hannover
  9. 9University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
  10. 10California Institute of Technology
  11. 11Louisiana State University
  12. 12Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
  13. 13Aix-Marseille Université
  14. 14Université catholique de Louvain
  15. 15Queen Mary University of London
  16. 16University of California
  17. 17University of Minnesota
  18. 18Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais
  19. 19Université Paris Cité
  20. 20Università di Roma Tor Vergata
  21. 21Universiteit Antwerpen
  22. 22National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
  23. 23Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
  24. 24INFN Sezione di Torino
  25. 25Università degli Studi di Genova
  26. 26Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc
  27. 27Università di Napoli “Federico II,”
  28. 28Cardiff University
  29. 29Australian National University
  30. 30Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  31. 31Maastricht University
  32. 32Nikhef
  33. 33Università di Roma “La Sapienza,”
  34. 34Aix Marseille Univ
  35. 35Université Paris-Saclay
  36. 36University of Tokyo
  37. 37The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
  38. 38Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI)
  39. 39University of Florida
  40. 40Università di Udine
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Abstract

We analyze data from 142 of the 218 gravitational-wave (GW) sources in the fourth LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Collaboration (LVK) Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) to estimate the Hubble constant H 0 jointly with the population properties of merging compact binaries. We measure the luminosity distance and redshifted masses of GW sources directly; in contrast, we infer GW source redshifts statistically through (i) location of features in the compact object mass spectrum and merger rate evolution, and (ii) identifying potential host galaxies in the GW localization volume. Probing the relationship between source luminosity distances and redshifts obtained in this way yields constraints on cosmological parameters. We also constrain parameterized deviations from general relativity that affect GW propagation, specifically those modifying the dependence of a GW signal on the source luminosity distance. Assuming our fiducial model for the source-frame mass distribution and using GW candidates detected up to the end of the fourth observing run (O4a), together with the GLADE+ all-sky galaxy catalog, we estimate H 0 = 75 . 4 − 9.1 + 12.8 ( 75 . 4 − 13.3 + 24.5 ) km s − 1 Mpc − 1 . This value is reported as a median with 68.3% (90%) symmetric credible interval, and includes combination with the H 0 measurement from GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart. Using a parameterization of modified GW propagation in terms of the magnitude parameter Ξ 0 , we estimate Ξ 0 = 1 . 4 − 0.4 + 1.0 ( 1 . 4 − 0.6 + 2.8 ) , where Ξ 0 = 1 recovers the behavior of general relativity.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{abac2026gwtc40,
  title = {{GWTC-4.0: Constraints on the Cosmic Expansion Rate and Modified Gravitational-wave Propagation}},
  author = {Adrian Abac and I. Abouelfettouh and F. Acernese and K. Ackley and Christian Adamcewicz and S. Adhicary and D. Adhikari and N. Adhikari and R. X. Adhikari and V. K. Adkins and Samsuzzaman Afroz and A. Agapito and D. Agarwal and M. Agathos and Nancy Aggarwal and S. Aggarwal and Odylio D. Aguiar and I.-L. Ahrend and L. Aiello and A. Ain and P. Ajith and Tomotada Akutsu and Simone Albanesi and W. Ali and S. Al-Kershi and C. Alléné and A. Allocca and S. Al-Shammari and P. A. Altin and S. Álvarez-López and W. Amar and O. Amarasinghe and A. Amato and F. Amicucci and Claude Amra and A. Ananyeva and S. B. Anderson and Warren G. Anderson and M. Andia and M. Ando and Marc Andrés-Carcasona and T. Andrić and J. Anglin and Stefano Ansoldi and Javier Mauricio Antelis and S. Antier and M. Aoumi and E. Z. Appavuravther and S. Appert and S. K. Apple and Koji Arai and A. Araya and M. C. Araya and Manuel Arca Sedda and J. S. Areeda and N. Aritomi and F. Armato and Sharon Armstrong and N. Arnaud and M. Arogeti},
  journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
  year = {2026},
  month = aug,
  doi = {10.3847/2041-8213/ae69dd},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae69dd},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - GWTC-4.0: Constraints on the Cosmic Expansion Rate and Modified Gravitational-wave Propagation
AU  - Adrian Abac
AU  - I. Abouelfettouh
AU  - F. Acernese
AU  - K. Ackley
AU  - Christian Adamcewicz
AU  - S. Adhicary
AU  - D. Adhikari
AU  - N. Adhikari
AU  - R. X. Adhikari
AU  - V. K. Adkins
AU  - Samsuzzaman Afroz
AU  - A. Agapito
AU  - D. Agarwal
AU  - M. Agathos
AU  - Nancy Aggarwal
AU  - S. Aggarwal
AU  - Odylio D. Aguiar
AU  - I.-L. Ahrend
AU  - L. Aiello
AU  - A. Ain
AU  - P. Ajith
AU  - Tomotada Akutsu
AU  - Simone Albanesi
AU  - W. Ali
AU  - S. Al-Kershi
AU  - C. Alléné
AU  - A. Allocca
AU  - S. Al-Shammari
AU  - P. A. Altin
AU  - S. Álvarez-López
AU  - W. Amar
AU  - O. Amarasinghe
AU  - A. Amato
AU  - F. Amicucci
AU  - Claude Amra
AU  - A. Ananyeva
AU  - S. B. Anderson
AU  - Warren G. Anderson
AU  - M. Andia
AU  - M. Ando
AU  - Marc Andrés-Carcasona
AU  - T. Andrić
AU  - J. Anglin
AU  - Stefano Ansoldi
AU  - Javier Mauricio Antelis
AU  - S. Antier
AU  - M. Aoumi
AU  - E. Z. Appavuravther
AU  - S. Appert
AU  - S. K. Apple
AU  - Koji Arai
AU  - A. Araya
AU  - M. C. Araya
AU  - Manuel Arca Sedda
AU  - J. S. Areeda
AU  - N. Aritomi
AU  - F. Armato
AU  - Sharon Armstrong
AU  - N. Arnaud
AU  - M. Arogeti
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/08/05
JO  - The Astrophysical Journal Letters
DO  - 10.3847/2041-8213/ae69dd
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae69dd
AB  - We analyze data from 142 of the 218 gravitational-wave (GW) sources in the fourth LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Collaboration (LVK) Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) to estimate the Hubble constant H 0 jointly with the population properties of merging compact binaries. We measure the luminosity distance and redshifted masses of GW sources directly; in contrast, we infer GW source redshifts statistically through (i) location of features in the compact object mass spectrum and merger rate evolution, and (ii) identifying potential host galaxies in the GW localization volume. Probing the relationship between source luminosity distances and redshifts obtained in this way yields constraints on cosmological parameters. We also constrain parameterized deviations from general relativity that affect GW propagation, specifically those modifying the dependence of a GW signal on the source luminosity distance. Assuming our fiducial model for the source-frame mass distribution and using GW candidates detected up to the end of the fourth observing run (O4a), together with the GLADE+ all-sky galaxy catalog, we estimate H 0 = 75 . 4 − 9.1 + 12.8 ( 75 . 4 − 13.3 + 24.5 ) km s − 1 Mpc − 1 . This value is reported as a median with 68.3% (90%) symmetric credible interval, and includes combination with the H 0 measurement from GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart. Using a parameterization of modified GW propagation in terms of the magnitude parameter Ξ 0 , we estimate Ξ 0 = 1 . 4 − 0.4 + 1.0 ( 1 . 4 − 0.6 + 2.8 ) , where Ξ 0 = 1 recovers the behavior of general relativity.
SN  - 2041-8205
SN  - 2041-8213
ER  -