The assembly of dusty galaxies at z ≥ 4: grain growth and the evolutionary origin of the dust-to-stellar-mass scatter

@misc{dangelo2026assembly,
  title = {{The assembly of dusty galaxies at $z \geq 4$: grain growth and the evolutionary origin of the dust-to-stellar-mass scatter}},
  author = {Alessia D'Angelo and Raffaella Schneider and Luca Graziani and Claudia Di Cesare and Rosa Valiante and Gergő Popping and Giulia Rodighiero and Laura Bisigello and Denis Burgarella and Giovanni Gandolfi and Koki Otaki and Tommaso Zana},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.40790},
  eprint = {2610.40790},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40790},
}

TY  - UNPB
TI  - The assembly of dusty galaxies at z ≥ 4: grain growth and the evolutionary origin of the dust-to-stellar-mass scatter
AU  - Alessia D'Angelo
AU  - Raffaella Schneider
AU  - Luca Graziani
AU  - Claudia Di Cesare
AU  - Rosa Valiante
AU  - Gergő Popping
AU  - Giulia Rodighiero
AU  - Laura Bisigello
AU  - Denis Burgarella
AU  - Giovanni Gandolfi
AU  - Koki Otaki
AU  - Tommaso Zana
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/29
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.40790
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40790
AB  - Understanding dust evolution is essential for interpreting the properties of galaxies across cosmic time. Nearby galaxies have revealed a detailed picture of dust enrichment, but whether the same picture applies in the early Universe remains unclear. Here we explore the origin of interstellar dust in simulated galaxies at z ∼ 5. Starting from the dust-to-stellar mass relation, we select five simulated star-forming galaxies with SFR> 1 M_⊙ yr^−1 and $ log(M_\star/M_\odot) > 8$. We focus on three low-mass systems with comparable stellar masses (log(M_⋆/M_⊙) ∼ 8.7) but significantly different dust masses (log(M_dust/M_⊙) ∼ 5.1−6.2), to investigate the origin of the scatter in the relation. Our analysis combines outputs from the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation dustyGadget, a semi-analytical model for stellar dust production, and radiative-transfer post-processing with SKIRT. We confirm that stellar dust production alone reproduces only the low-dust branch of the relation. Grain growth is required to recover both its S-shape and the observed scatter, as established for nearby galaxies. The transition to efficient grain growth occurs at lower metallicity than locally, consistent with the denser interstellar medium of high-redshift systems. Differences in dust content reflect different stages of galaxy assembly. Progressively longer star formation histories lead to greater chemical enrichment and denser ISM, promoting increasingly efficient grain growth. We therefore identify the assembly stage as the key regulator of dust growth at high redshift. Mock observations show that JWST multi-band imaging can reveal the structural diversity of galaxies within the scatter, although the reconstruction of clumpy morphologies may remain incomplete. Their dust continuum emission remains below the sensitivity of current ALMA continuum surveys.
ER  -