Submergence Response and Tolerance of Rice: Morphological and Physiological Strategies, and Regulatory Mechanisms.
6 affiliations
- 1Bio-Breeding Laboratory of Anhui Province, College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China.
- 2College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- 3Anhui Xin Fu Xiang Tian Ecological Agriculture Co., Ltd., Ma'anshan 238200, China.
- 4Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- 5Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, China.
- 6Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
Abstract
Rice, as a globally vital food crop, is frequently threatened by flooding, which adversely affects its growth and yield. The most immediate and prominent influence of waterlogging or submergence induced by flooding on rice is hypoxia (reduced oxygen availability) or anoxia (absence of oxygen) stress and the consequent energy deficiency. Rice has evolved specific acclimation strategies to counteract or alleviate flooding stress, including leaf gas film (LGF) formation, adventitious root (AR) emergence, aerenchyma formation, radial oxygen loss (ROL) barrier development, and the stunted or elongated growth of coleoptiles or internodes, all of which serve to secure oxygen supply and maintain energy homeostasis for sustaining survival. These adaptive traits and strategies are governed by the regulatory genes involved in the reprogramming of energy and carbohydrate metabolism, the accumulation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the programmed cell death (PCD) process, as well as the phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways. To facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the submergence response and tolerance and the intricate regulatory mechanisms in rice, this review integrates the impacts of flooding on the growth and development, the strategies employed to adapt to submergence, the physiological and biochemical characteristics, the phytohormonal signaling and crosstalk, and the molecular mechanistic framework of rice subjected to submergence stress. It also highlights the importance of key superior genes for flooding-tolerance, flooding-tolerant germplasms, and molecular breeding technologies in developing submergence-tolerant rice varieties. By aligning these advances, this review provides valuable insights into and guidance for improving resilience to submergence stress and enhancing crop production under constantly changing climate conditions.
Related
- Physiological and multiomics analyses on photosynthesis and carbon utilization reveal biochemical carbon-concentrating mechanisms in Hygrophilla difformis under submergence
- Cold Tolerance in Alfalfa: Physiological Mechanisms, Regulatory Networks, and Molecular Breeding Prospects.
- Integrated physiological, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic analyses of 24-epibrassinolide-mediated yield protection under complete submergence during panicle differentiation in rice
- Creatine metabolic network and host immune interplay: from molecular mechanisms to regulatory strategies
- The role of interferon regulatory factors in atherosclerosis: from cell type-specific mechanisms to therapeutic strategies
BibTeX
@article{feng2026submergence,
title = {{Submergence Response and Tolerance of Rice: Morphological and Physiological Strategies, and Regulatory Mechanisms.}},
author = {Tingting Feng and Shengqin Liu and Boxin Shi and Liangliang Lv and Xinyu Huang and Ruining Li and Hao Ai and Zhanglun Sun and Aifeng Zhou and Yali Liu and Rongfeng Cui and Yuan Liu and Xianzhong Huang},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.3390/antiox15101253},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939827},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Submergence Response and Tolerance of Rice: Morphological and Physiological Strategies, and Regulatory Mechanisms.
AU - Tingting Feng
AU - Shengqin Liu
AU - Boxin Shi
AU - Liangliang Lv
AU - Xinyu Huang
AU - Ruining Li
AU - Hao Ai
AU - Zhanglun Sun
AU - Aifeng Zhou
AU - Yali Liu
AU - Rongfeng Cui
AU - Yuan Liu
AU - Xianzhong Huang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/30
JO - Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
DO - 10.3390/antiox15101253
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939827
AB - Rice, as a globally vital food crop, is frequently threatened by flooding, which adversely affects its growth and yield. The most immediate and prominent influence of waterlogging or submergence induced by flooding on rice is hypoxia (reduced oxygen availability) or anoxia (absence of oxygen) stress and the consequent energy deficiency. Rice has evolved specific acclimation strategies to counteract or alleviate flooding stress, including leaf gas film (LGF) formation, adventitious root (AR) emergence, aerenchyma formation, radial oxygen loss (ROL) barrier development, and the stunted or elongated growth of coleoptiles or internodes, all of which serve to secure oxygen supply and maintain energy homeostasis for sustaining survival. These adaptive traits and strategies are governed by the regulatory genes involved in the reprogramming of energy and carbohydrate metabolism, the accumulation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the programmed cell death (PCD) process, as well as the phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways. To facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the submergence response and tolerance and the intricate regulatory mechanisms in rice, this review integrates the impacts of flooding on the growth and development, the strategies employed to adapt to submergence, the physiological and biochemical characteristics, the phytohormonal signaling and crosstalk, and the molecular mechanistic framework of rice subjected to submergence stress. It also highlights the importance of key superior genes for flooding-tolerance, flooding-tolerant germplasms, and molecular breeding technologies in developing submergence-tolerant rice varieties. By aligning these advances, this review provides valuable insights into and guidance for improving resilience to submergence stress and enhancing crop production under constantly changing climate conditions.
SN - 2076-3921
ER -