Experimental and mathematical models reveal that AMPK modulates circadian clock gene expression and period through NAD+-dependent regulation of Bmal1
Abstract
The circadian clock allows living systems to anticipate environmental daily variations by scheduling cellular mechanisms according to the time of the day. The reciprocal interplay between metabolism and circadian clock is essential for energy homeostasis, and the disruption of metabolic clock inputs contributes to dysfunction of clocks in peripheral tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms through which the feeding/fasting cycle entrains peripheral clocks remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigate experimentally and theoretically the role of AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK), a key fasting sensor, in metabolic regulation of the circadian clock. Using a luciferase reporter driven by the Bmal1 promoter to monitor molecular clock activity in human U2OS cells, and thanks to a signal processing method based on the Hilbert transform to retrieve the instantaneous phase and period of circadian signals, we show that pharmacological activation of AMPK by AICAR significantly elevates Bmal1 promoter activity and markedly lengthens the clock period in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, the clock period is shortened by the pharmacological inhibition by SR18292 of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1-alpha). Importantly, the action of AICAR is abolished by FK866, a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor, demonstrating that AMPK-dependent modulation of Bmal1 promoter activity requires NAD+ availability. These experimental results are recapitulated by numerical simulations of our previously published mathematical model, where PGC-1-alpha plays a key role in mediating AMPK activity to the clock. Moreover, the comparison of experimentally measured and theoretically predicted phase response curves, following AMPK activation at different circadian phases, provides an additional validation of the model. By integrating biological experiments with mathematical modeling, our results identify a key mechanism through which metabolic factors can entrain and regulate the circadian clock via NAD+-dependent AMPK-mediated regulation of Bmal1 promoter activity.
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BibTeX
@misc{vandenberghe2026experimental,
title = {{Experimental and mathematical models reveal that AMPK modulates circadian clock gene expression and period through NAD+-dependent regulation of Bmal1}},
author = {Alan Vandenberghe and Pauline Delpierre and Raoul Torero-Ibad and Pierre Leclerc and Anthony Treizebre and Alexandre Berthier and Laurent Heliot and Helene Duez and Bart Staels and Philippe Lefebvre and Alessandro Furlan and Marc Lefranc},
howpublished = {HAL},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.29.755034},
url = {https://hal.science/hal-05776699v1},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Experimental and mathematical models reveal that AMPK modulates circadian clock gene expression and period through NAD+-dependent regulation of Bmal1
AU - Alan Vandenberghe
AU - Pauline Delpierre
AU - Raoul Torero-Ibad
AU - Pierre Leclerc
AU - Anthony Treizebre
AU - Alexandre Berthier
AU - Laurent Heliot
AU - Helene Duez
AU - Bart Staels
AU - Philippe Lefebvre
AU - Alessandro Furlan
AU - Marc Lefranc
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/29
PB - HAL
DO - 10.64898/2026.09.29.755034
UR - https://hal.science/hal-05776699v1
AB - The circadian clock allows living systems to anticipate environmental daily variations by scheduling cellular mechanisms according to the time of the day. The reciprocal interplay between metabolism and circadian clock is essential for energy homeostasis, and the disruption of metabolic clock inputs contributes to dysfunction of clocks in peripheral tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms through which the feeding/fasting cycle entrains peripheral clocks remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigate experimentally and theoretically the role of AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK), a key fasting sensor, in metabolic regulation of the circadian clock. Using a luciferase reporter driven by the Bmal1 promoter to monitor molecular clock activity in human U2OS cells, and thanks to a signal processing method based on the Hilbert transform to retrieve the instantaneous phase and period of circadian signals, we show that pharmacological activation of AMPK by AICAR significantly elevates Bmal1 promoter activity and markedly lengthens the clock period in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, the clock period is shortened by the pharmacological inhibition by SR18292 of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1-alpha). Importantly, the action of AICAR is abolished by FK866, a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor, demonstrating that AMPK-dependent modulation of Bmal1 promoter activity requires NAD+ availability. These experimental results are recapitulated by numerical simulations of our previously published mathematical model, where PGC-1-alpha plays a key role in mediating AMPK activity to the clock. Moreover, the comparison of experimentally measured and theoretically predicted phase response curves, following AMPK activation at different circadian phases, provides an additional validation of the model. By integrating biological experiments with mathematical modeling, our results identify a key mechanism through which metabolic factors can entrain and regulate the circadian clock via NAD+-dependent AMPK-mediated regulation of Bmal1 promoter activity.
ER -