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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Frontiers in Plant Science

Ultraviolet irradiation increases free apigenin (aglycone) accumulation in parsley under controlled environments

  • Rebekah C. I. Maynard1
  • Samuel O. Ogundipe2
  • Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi3
  • Joon Hyuk Suh2
  • Leonardo Lombardini3
  1. 1Department of Biology, University of North Georgia
  2. 2Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia
  3. 3Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia
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Abstract

Introduction: Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) is a productive natural source of apigenin, a medicinally valuable secondary metabolite. This study evaluated the effects of light intensity and ultraviolet (UV) exposure on free apigenin (aglycone) accumulation in the Giant of Italy parsley cultivar grown under controlled environment conditions.

Methods: Plants were grown under light-emitting diodes (LED) with a 16-h photoperiod and daily light integrals (DLI) of 19.0, 23.8, or 28.5 mol m ⁻² d ⁻¹ . After eight weeks, mature leaves from control plants were harvested for analysis. The remaining plants received supplemental UV light at 475 μ cm ⁻² to serve as a stressor for inducing free apigenin biosynthesis throughout the 16-h photoperiod for 1, 2, 4, or 8 days. Free apigenin was quantified in lyophilized leaf samples with high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC–UV) detection.

Results: LED light intensity did not affect free apigenin accumulation, whereas UV exposure significantly increased it. The 8-d UV treatment produced the highest free apigenin content, at 10.44 ± 1.91 mg kg ⁻¹ , compared with 1.08 ± 0.31 mg kg ⁻¹ in the untreated control, representing an 867% increase.

Discussion: These findings suggest that supplemental UV exposure may be an effective strategy for increasing free apigenin accumulation in parsley grown under controlled environmental conditions. Among the exposure durations tested, the greatest accumulation occurred after eight days of UV treatment.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{maynard2026ultraviolet,
  title = {{Ultraviolet irradiation increases free apigenin (aglycone) accumulation in parsley under controlled environments}},
  author = {Rebekah C. I. Maynard and Samuel O. Ogundipe and Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi and Joon Hyuk Suh and Leonardo Lombardini},
  journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fpls.2026.1975585},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975585/full},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Ultraviolet irradiation increases free apigenin (aglycone) accumulation in parsley under controlled environments
AU  - Rebekah C. I. Maynard
AU  - Samuel O. Ogundipe
AU  - Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi
AU  - Joon Hyuk Suh
AU  - Leonardo Lombardini
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/21
JO  - Frontiers in Plant Science
DO  - 10.3389/fpls.2026.1975585
UR  - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975585/full
AB  - Introduction: Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) is a productive natural source of apigenin, a medicinally valuable secondary metabolite. This study evaluated the effects of light intensity and ultraviolet (UV) exposure on free apigenin (aglycone) accumulation in the Giant of Italy parsley cultivar grown under controlled environment conditions.  Methods: Plants were grown under light-emitting diodes (LED) with a 16-h photoperiod and daily light integrals (DLI) of 19.0, 23.8, or 28.5 mol m ⁻² d ⁻¹ . After eight weeks, mature leaves from control plants were harvested for analysis. The remaining plants received supplemental UV light at 475 μ cm ⁻² to serve as a stressor for inducing free apigenin biosynthesis throughout the 16-h photoperiod for 1, 2, 4, or 8 days. Free apigenin was quantified in lyophilized leaf samples with high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC–UV) detection.  Results: LED light intensity did not affect free apigenin accumulation, whereas UV exposure significantly increased it. The 8-d UV treatment produced the highest free apigenin content, at 10.44 ± 1.91 mg kg ⁻¹ , compared with 1.08 ± 0.31 mg kg ⁻¹ in the untreated control, representing an 867% increase.  Discussion: These findings suggest that supplemental UV exposure may be an effective strategy for increasing free apigenin accumulation in parsley grown under controlled environmental conditions. Among the exposure durations tested, the greatest accumulation occurred after eight days of UV treatment.
SN  - 1664-462X
ER  -