Anatomical and functional organisation of the cholinergic nervous system in the tunicate Botryllus schlosseri
- 1Padova University
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an ancient, highly conserved neurotransmitter, yet the functional diversification of cholinergic pathways across early chordates remains incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the spatial and functional organization of the cholinergic system in the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri, a chordate model that undergoes lifelong, cyclical neural regeneration. By integrating HCR-RNA FISH, in vivo pharmacology, extracellular brain electrophysiology, and quantitative reflex assays, we map the core molecular machinery of ACh synthesis (ChAT), vesicular transport (VAChT), AChE, and receptor signaling (CHRNA7, CHRM3). Spatial expression analysis reveals a compartmentalized cholinergic network spanning central ganglia, peripheral sensory cells, and ciliated epithelia. Functionally, nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) mediate rapid mechanosensory burst firing in the brain, evoked siphon reflex contraction, and cilliary arrest, whereas muscarinic receptors (mAChRs), modulate baseline siphon motility and muscle tone. Pharmacological silencing of active siphon motor programs unmasks a slow, vascular-coupled rhythmic motility, while AChE inhibition induces paralysis indicating a critical role for regulated ACh breakdown and non-synaptic transmission. Together, these findings demonstrate that B. schlosseri possesses a sophisticated, dual-effector cholinergic system coordinating both muscular and ciliary networks, providing key insights into the evolutionary diversification of chordate neuromuscular control.
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BibTeX
@misc{anselmi2026anatomical,
title = {{Anatomical and functional organisation of the cholinergic nervous system in the tunicate Botryllus schlosseri}},
author = {C. Anselmi and L. Yilmaz and T. Levy and K. J. Ishizuka and K. J. Palmeri and I. L. Weissman and A. Voskoboynik and S. Thompson},
howpublished = {bioRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.10.750344},
url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.10.750344v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Anatomical and functional organisation of the cholinergic nervous system in the tunicate Botryllus schlosseri
AU - C. Anselmi
AU - L. Yilmaz
AU - T. Levy
AU - K. J. Ishizuka
AU - K. J. Palmeri
AU - I. L. Weissman
AU - A. Voskoboynik
AU - S. Thompson
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/10
PB - bioRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.09.10.750344
UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.10.750344v1
AB - Acetylcholine (ACh) is an ancient, highly conserved neurotransmitter, yet the functional diversification of cholinergic pathways across early chordates remains incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the spatial and functional organization of the cholinergic system in the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri, a chordate model that undergoes lifelong, cyclical neural regeneration. By integrating HCR-RNA FISH, in vivo pharmacology, extracellular brain electrophysiology, and quantitative reflex assays, we map the core molecular machinery of ACh synthesis (ChAT), vesicular transport (VAChT), AChE, and receptor signaling (CHRNA7, CHRM3). Spatial expression analysis reveals a compartmentalized cholinergic network spanning central ganglia, peripheral sensory cells, and ciliated epithelia. Functionally, nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) mediate rapid mechanosensory burst firing in the brain, evoked siphon reflex contraction, and cilliary arrest, whereas muscarinic receptors (mAChRs), modulate baseline siphon motility and muscle tone. Pharmacological silencing of active siphon motor programs unmasks a slow, vascular-coupled rhythmic motility, while AChE inhibition induces paralysis indicating a critical role for regulated ACh breakdown and non-synaptic transmission. Together, these findings demonstrate that B. schlosseri possesses a sophisticated, dual-effector cholinergic system coordinating both muscular and ciliary networks, providing key insights into the evolutionary diversification of chordate neuromuscular control.
ER -