Montmorillonite-supported Ag/Sn@CeO₂ via phyto-mechanochemical engineering: enhanced crystal violet adsorption and CO₂ capture.
7 affiliations
- 1Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University Bahawalpur Bahawalpur Pakistan [email protected].
- 2Department of Physics, University of Taibah Madinah Saudi Arabia.
- 3Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia.
- 4Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah Jeddah 21959 Saudi Arabia.
- 5Jubail Induustrial College Jubail Saudi Arabia.
- 6State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China.
- 7Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia [email protected].
Abstract
Crystal Violet (CV) dye and CO₂ emissions represent two major environmental threats that demand cost-effective and multifunctional remediation materials. In this study, a silver/tin co-doped cerium oxide nanocomposite supported on montmorillonite (Mt-Ag/Sn@CeO₂) was synthesized via continuous phyto-mechanochemical twin screw extrusion using Melothria scabra leaf extract as a green reducing agent. The composite was characterized by using FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS, zeta potential, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm, BJH pore size analysis, and ICP-OES. The adsorption performance of Mt-Ag/Sn@CeO₂ and Ag/Sn@CeO₂ toward CV dye was systematically evaluated by optimizing pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, and temperature. For CV dye removal, Mt-Ag/Sn@CeO₂ achieved 96.08% removal compared with 89.22% for Ag/Sn@CeO₂ (10 mg L⁻¹ dye, 20 mg dose, pH 9, 298 K, 180 min). The maximum adsorption capacities, estimated from the Langmuir model, were 36.50 mg g⁻¹ and 28.77 mg g⁻¹, respectively. Adsorption data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm alongside the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, consistent with chemisorption on a heterogeneous surface with multilayer dye uptake. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous (ΔG° < 0 at all studied temperatures). Furthermore, Mt-Ag/Sn@CeO₂ demonstrated CO₂ adsorption capacity of 3.92 mmol g⁻¹ at 298 K and 900 mmHg, surpassing several reported clay-based adsorbents. These results confirmed that the mechanochemically engineered Mt-Ag/Sn@CeO₂ composite is an effective dual-function adsorbent with potential for simultaneous water and air remediation.
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BibTeX
@article{rehman2026montmorillonitesupported,
title = {{Montmorillonite-supported Ag/Sn@CeO₂ via phyto-mechanochemical engineering: enhanced crystal violet adsorption and CO₂ capture.}},
author = {Mobeen Ur Rehman and Muhammad Usman and Muhammad Babar Taj and Amal Marzoqi Altowerqi and Khloud Al-Thubaiti and Merfat M Alsabban and Alya Awad Alshahri and Ismat Bibi and Francis Verpoort and Rajeh Alotaibi},
journal = {RSC advances},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra07930j},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42899232},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Montmorillonite-supported Ag/Sn@CeO₂ via phyto-mechanochemical engineering: enhanced crystal violet adsorption and CO₂ capture.
AU - Mobeen Ur Rehman
AU - Muhammad Usman
AU - Muhammad Babar Taj
AU - Amal Marzoqi Altowerqi
AU - Khloud Al-Thubaiti
AU - Merfat M Alsabban
AU - Alya Awad Alshahri
AU - Ismat Bibi
AU - Francis Verpoort
AU - Rajeh Alotaibi
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/19
JO - RSC advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra07930j
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42899232
AB - Crystal Violet (CV) dye and CO₂ emissions represent two major environmental threats that demand cost-effective and multifunctional remediation materials. In this study, a silver/tin co-doped cerium oxide nanocomposite supported on montmorillonite (Mt-Ag/Sn@CeO₂) was synthesized via continuous phyto-mechanochemical twin screw extrusion using Melothria scabra leaf extract as a green reducing agent. The composite was characterized by using FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS, zeta potential, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm, BJH pore size analysis, and ICP-OES. The adsorption performance of Mt-Ag/Sn@CeO₂ and Ag/Sn@CeO₂ toward CV dye was systematically evaluated by optimizing pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, and temperature. For CV dye removal, Mt-Ag/Sn@CeO₂ achieved 96.08% removal compared with 89.22% for Ag/Sn@CeO₂ (10 mg L⁻¹ dye, 20 mg dose, pH 9, 298 K, 180 min). The maximum adsorption capacities, estimated from the Langmuir model, were 36.50 mg g⁻¹ and 28.77 mg g⁻¹, respectively. Adsorption data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm alongside the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, consistent with chemisorption on a heterogeneous surface with multilayer dye uptake. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous (ΔG° < 0 at all studied temperatures). Furthermore, Mt-Ag/Sn@CeO₂ demonstrated CO₂ adsorption capacity of 3.92 mmol g⁻¹ at 298 K and 900 mmHg, surpassing several reported clay-based adsorbents. These results confirmed that the mechanochemically engineered Mt-Ag/Sn@CeO₂ composite is an effective dual-function adsorbent with potential for simultaneous water and air remediation.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -