Advanced Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Risk and Risk-Factor Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Without Established Cardiovascular Disease.
12 affiliations
- 1Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
- 2Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
- 3Da Nang Hospital, Da Nang, Vietnam.
- 4Kien Giang General Hospital, Rach Gia, An Giang, Vietnam.
- 5University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam.
- 6Hue Central Hospital, Hue, Vietnam.
- 7Buon Ma Thuot Medical University, Tan An, Dak Lak, Vietnam.
- 8Internal Cardiology 1, Nghe An Friendship General Hospital, Nghe An, Vietnam.
- 9Gia An 115 Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- 10Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA.
- 11Department of Internal Medicine, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hung Yen, Vietnam.
- 12Centre for Teaching and Learning, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hung Yen, Vietnam.
Abstract
Background
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) risk stratification may identify patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who require more intensive primary prevention, but real-world data from Vietnam are limited. We aimed to describe advanced CKM risk and risk-factor control in Vietnamese patients with T2DM without established cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods
This multicenter cross-sectional study enrolled 1436 adults with T2DM without CVD in Vietnam. Advanced CKM risk was defined as 10-year total CVD risk ≥ 20% or eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². Guideline-based control of HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL-C, triglycerides, and non-HDL-C was evaluated. Logistic regression assessed associations between advanced CKM risk and target achievement.Results
Advanced CKM risk was identified in 551 patients (38.4%). Despite a relatively low prevalence of BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² (26.9%), hypertriglyceridemia was the most common metabolic abnormality, affecting 88.0% of participants. Risk-factor control was generally low, with 33.3% achieving glycemic control, 33.5% blood pressure control, 18.8% LDL-C control, 12.0% triglyceride control, and 21.1% non-HDL-C control. After adjustment, advanced CKM risk was associated with poorer blood pressure control (adjusted OR = 0.466, 95% CI = 0.359-0.603, p < 0.001) and triglyceride control (adjusted OR = 0.677, 95% CI = 0.473-0.969, p = 0.033), but not with achievement of HbA1c, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, or combined lipid control.Conclusions
Advanced CKM risk was common among Vietnamese patients with T2DM without established CVD and was consistently associated with poorer blood pressure control. CKM-based risk assessment may identify high-risk patients earlier and support guideline-directed risk-factor management. Frequent hypertriglyceridemia with relatively low obesity supports a CKM-based strategy tailored to this metabolic risk pattern.
Related
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- Development and validation of a novel metabolic-inflammatory health-related nomogram for predicting in-hospital mortality in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with cardiovascular disease
- Joint and Independent Associations of Dietary Antioxidant Intakes With Advanced Stages in Older Patients With Cardiovascular‐Kidney‐Metabolic Syndrome
- Association of sleep time with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among individuals with advanced cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome : A NHANES-based prospective cohort study
- The CKM–GDM multi-organ precision model: reframing gestational diabetes as an early cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic event in Southeast Asia
BibTeX
@article{dang2026advanced,
title = {{Advanced Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Risk and Risk-Factor Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Without Established Cardiovascular Disease.}},
author = {Hai Nguyen Ngoc Dang and The Trung Le and Anh Kiem Pham and Linh Duy Le and Nam Van Duc Nguyen and Thanh Thien Tran and Thinh Ba Le and Ny Ha Tuyet Le and Nam Van Le and Hau Phuc Tran and Hung Minh Vu and Duong Hung Tran and Bich Ngoc Hoang Thi and Huy Nhu Pham and Hieu Minh Le and Thang Chi Doan and Binh Anh Ho and Tien Anh Hoang and Minh Van Huynh and Thang Viet Luong},
journal = {Journal of diabetes},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1111/1753-0407.70279},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42897876},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Advanced Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Risk and Risk-Factor Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Without Established Cardiovascular Disease.
AU - Hai Nguyen Ngoc Dang
AU - The Trung Le
AU - Anh Kiem Pham
AU - Linh Duy Le
AU - Nam Van Duc Nguyen
AU - Thanh Thien Tran
AU - Thinh Ba Le
AU - Ny Ha Tuyet Le
AU - Nam Van Le
AU - Hau Phuc Tran
AU - Hung Minh Vu
AU - Duong Hung Tran
AU - Bich Ngoc Hoang Thi
AU - Huy Nhu Pham
AU - Hieu Minh Le
AU - Thang Chi Doan
AU - Binh Anh Ho
AU - Tien Anh Hoang
AU - Minh Van Huynh
AU - Thang Viet Luong
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Journal of diabetes
DO - 10.1111/1753-0407.70279
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42897876
AB - Background Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) risk stratification may identify patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who require more intensive primary prevention, but real-world data from Vietnam are limited. We aimed to describe advanced CKM risk and risk-factor control in Vietnamese patients with T2DM without established cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods This multicenter cross-sectional study enrolled 1436 adults with T2DM without CVD in Vietnam. Advanced CKM risk was defined as 10-year total CVD risk ≥ 20% or eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². Guideline-based control of HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL-C, triglycerides, and non-HDL-C was evaluated. Logistic regression assessed associations between advanced CKM risk and target achievement.Results Advanced CKM risk was identified in 551 patients (38.4%). Despite a relatively low prevalence of BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² (26.9%), hypertriglyceridemia was the most common metabolic abnormality, affecting 88.0% of participants. Risk-factor control was generally low, with 33.3% achieving glycemic control, 33.5% blood pressure control, 18.8% LDL-C control, 12.0% triglyceride control, and 21.1% non-HDL-C control. After adjustment, advanced CKM risk was associated with poorer blood pressure control (adjusted OR = 0.466, 95% CI = 0.359-0.603, p < 0.001) and triglyceride control (adjusted OR = 0.677, 95% CI = 0.473-0.969, p = 0.033), but not with achievement of HbA1c, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, or combined lipid control.Conclusions Advanced CKM risk was common among Vietnamese patients with T2DM without established CVD and was consistently associated with poorer blood pressure control. CKM-based risk assessment may identify high-risk patients earlier and support guideline-directed risk-factor management. Frequent hypertriglyceridemia with relatively low obesity supports a CKM-based strategy tailored to this metabolic risk pattern.
SN - 1753-0393
SN - 1753-0407
ER -