Kernel-Level Constant-Potential Molecular Dynamics in GROMACS
Abstract
How charge rearranges within an electrode shapes the behavior of batteries, supercapacitors, and other electrochemical devices. Molecular simulations can capture this response by allowing the charge on each electrode atom to adjust to its surroundings, but repeatedly calculating these charges adds substantial computational cost. We present an open-source implementation of the constant-potential method in GROMACS that integrates these calculations into the program's optimized CPU and GPU routines. Comparisons with established codes validate the electrode charges, while charging, voltammetry, and impedance simulations demonstrate the response to changing electrical conditions. The implementation also supports electrodes that move or deform and models of finite metallic screening and electron spillover. In a pair of charged carbon nanotubes, allowing charge to move away from the facing surfaces reduces the repulsive force at contact by about half at an intermediate charge and keeps the pair bound where a uniform-charge model opens within the simulated time. These capabilities make the electrical response of electrodes accessible within GROMACS for studies of interfacial structure, charging dynamics, and electrode motion.
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BibTeX
@misc{bi2026kernellevel,
title = {{Kernel-Level Constant-Potential Molecular Dynamics in GROMACS}},
author = {Sheng Bi and Mathieu Salanne and Jun Cheng and Guang Feng},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.15733},
eprint = {2610.15733},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.15733},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Kernel-Level Constant-Potential Molecular Dynamics in GROMACS
AU - Sheng Bi
AU - Mathieu Salanne
AU - Jun Cheng
AU - Guang Feng
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/11
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.15733
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.15733
AB - How charge rearranges within an electrode shapes the behavior of batteries, supercapacitors, and other electrochemical devices. Molecular simulations can capture this response by allowing the charge on each electrode atom to adjust to its surroundings, but repeatedly calculating these charges adds substantial computational cost. We present an open-source implementation of the constant-potential method in GROMACS that integrates these calculations into the program's optimized CPU and GPU routines. Comparisons with established codes validate the electrode charges, while charging, voltammetry, and impedance simulations demonstrate the response to changing electrical conditions. The implementation also supports electrodes that move or deform and models of finite metallic screening and electron spillover. In a pair of charged carbon nanotubes, allowing charge to move away from the facing surfaces reduces the repulsive force at contact by about half at an intermediate charge and keeps the pair bound where a uniform-charge model opens within the simulated time. These capabilities make the electrical response of electrodes accessible within GROMACS for studies of interfacial structure, charging dynamics, and electrode motion.
ER -