Global Entanglement Quantification via Classical Shadows

Abstract

Detecting and characterizing quantum correlations are tasks of great relevance in quantum information. More specifically, quantifying the amount of multipartite entanglement is a known difficult task, even for pure states. To this end, several entanglement measures have been proposed, although there is currently no universal manner to do so. In this work, we propose the classical shadows technique to measure the generalized global entanglement introduced in Phys. Rev. A 74, 022314. This particular multipartite entanglement quantifier E_G⁽ⁿ⁾ relies on the linear entropies of all n-qubit partitions of a state. As the linear entropy can be written in terms of a complete set of observables of the subsystem, we employ classical shadows to estimate many observables with fewer measurements. We simulate the quantification of E_G⁽ⁿ⁾ for well-known entangled states and for random states, comparing shadow estimations and grouping techniques. Our results show a clear advantage of classical shadows over direct estimation approaches, indicating that it can be a useful tool to quantify entanglement without the need to reconstruct the density operator of the whole system.

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BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{engster2026global,
  title = {{Global Entanglement Quantification via Classical Shadows}},
  author = {João P. Engster and Eduardo I. Duzzioni},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.21579},
  eprint = {2609.21579},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.21579},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Global Entanglement Quantification via Classical Shadows
AU  - João P. Engster
AU  - Eduardo I. Duzzioni
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/18
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.21579
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.21579
AB  - Detecting and characterizing quantum correlations are tasks of great relevance in quantum information. More specifically, quantifying the amount of multipartite entanglement is a known difficult task, even for pure states. To this end, several entanglement measures have been proposed, although there is currently no universal manner to do so. In this work, we propose the classical shadows technique to measure the generalized global entanglement introduced in Phys. Rev. A 74, 022314. This particular multipartite entanglement quantifier E_G^(n) relies on the linear entropies of all n-qubit partitions of a state. As the linear entropy can be written in terms of a complete set of observables of the subsystem, we employ classical shadows to estimate many observables with fewer measurements. We simulate the quantification of E_G^(n) for well-known entangled states and for random states, comparing shadow estimations and grouping techniques. Our results show a clear advantage of classical shadows over direct estimation approaches, indicating that it can be a useful tool to quantify entanglement without the need to reconstruct the density operator of the whole system.
ER  -

Abstract

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