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Peer-reviewedCC BYCancers

Prognostic Markers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)

  • Ishaan Shah1
  • Srushti Naik1
  • Frank Arfuso2
  • Sudha Warrier3,4
  • Arun Dharmarajan2,5,6
  • Sonal M. Manohar1
6 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia of School of Science, SVKM’s NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, India
  2. 2School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
  3. 3Institute of Life Sciences, Atria University, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
  4. 4Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 562107, India
  5. 5Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
  6. 6Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Trichy 621105, India
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Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive and molecularly diverse subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and human epithelial growth factor receptors. Despite advancements in therapeutic interventions, TNBC continues to remain associated with high metastatic potential, high likelihood of recurrence, and importantly, poor prognosis. Therefore, validated prognostic biomarkers are needed that can facilitate accurate prognostic assessment, drive treatment options, and lead to better clinical outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed overview of established and emerging prognostic biomarkers in TNBC, highlighting their biological relevance, clinical utility, and translational potential. We initially focus on the different classes of individual prognostic biomarkers and their limitations as far as prognostic stratification is concerned. We then move toward the development of multi-marker panels, further taking into account the critical factors limiting their clinical implementation. Development of standardized, clinically validated, and cost-effective multi-marker prognostic frameworks that can integrate the different aspects of tumor biology is the need of the hour. Such comprehensive approaches are expected to enhance prognostication and thereby improve outcomes in TNBC patients.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{shah2026prognostic,
  title = {{Prognostic Markers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)}},
  author = {Ishaan Shah and Srushti Naik and Frank Arfuso and Sudha Warrier and Arun Dharmarajan and Sonal M. Manohar},
  journal = {Cancers},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/cancers18193181},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13664359},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Prognostic Markers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)
AU  - Ishaan Shah
AU  - Srushti Naik
AU  - Frank Arfuso
AU  - Sudha Warrier
AU  - Arun Dharmarajan
AU  - Sonal M. Manohar
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Cancers
DO  - 10.3390/cancers18193181
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13664359
AB  - Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive and molecularly diverse subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and human epithelial growth factor receptors. Despite advancements in therapeutic interventions, TNBC continues to remain associated with high metastatic potential, high likelihood of recurrence, and importantly, poor prognosis. Therefore, validated prognostic biomarkers are needed that can facilitate accurate prognostic assessment, drive treatment options, and lead to better clinical outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed overview of established and emerging prognostic biomarkers in TNBC, highlighting their biological relevance, clinical utility, and translational potential. We initially focus on the different classes of individual prognostic biomarkers and their limitations as far as prognostic stratification is concerned. We then move toward the development of multi-marker panels, further taking into account the critical factors limiting their clinical implementation. Development of standardized, clinically validated, and cost-effective multi-marker prognostic frameworks that can integrate the different aspects of tumor biology is the need of the hour. Such comprehensive approaches are expected to enhance prognostication and thereby improve outcomes in TNBC patients.
SN  - 2072-6694
ER  -