A continuous-mode quantum-optical representation of finite strong-field laser pulses in free space
Abstract
We formulate an energy-consistent quantum-optical representation of finite paraxial laser pulses in free space. The formulation is based on a continuous-mode description and provides a step toward a unified treatment of coherent and nonclassical strong-field drivers. Starting from plane-wave quantization, we construct a transverse vector-mode reduction in which the selected mode can reproduce an arbitrary normalized spatial--polarization profile. For a coherent pulse, the measured pulse energy and full laboratory analytic signal determine the frequency-dependent coherent-state displacement (α(ω)), without introducing a physical quantization volume. For nonclassical pulses, the same first-order field data and total energy do not uniquely specify the quantum state. Additional correlation information or model assumptions are required. We incorporate this information through normal and anomalous covariance kernels and discuss g(2)-based diagnostics of squeezed pulses. We also derive a phase-sensitive convergence criterion for numerical frequency-bin discretizations. An exactly solvable continuum-mode free-electron application shows that the coherent displacement reproduces the semiclassical mean trajectory, whereas the field covariances determine the electron wave packet width. The framework offers a convenient, energy-consistent interface between measured free-space pulses and quantum-optical calculations.
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BibTeX
@misc{hack2026continuousmode,
title = {{A continuous-mode quantum-optical representation of finite strong-field laser pulses in free space}},
author = {Szabolcs Hack and Attila Czirják and Péter Földi},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.01157},
eprint = {2609.01157},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.01157},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - A continuous-mode quantum-optical representation of finite strong-field laser pulses in free space
AU - Szabolcs Hack
AU - Attila Czirják
AU - Péter Földi
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/01
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.01157
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.01157
AB - We formulate an energy-consistent quantum-optical representation of finite paraxial laser pulses in free space. The formulation is based on a continuous-mode description and provides a step toward a unified treatment of coherent and nonclassical strong-field drivers. Starting from plane-wave quantization, we construct a transverse vector-mode reduction in which the selected mode can reproduce an arbitrary normalized spatial--polarization profile. For a coherent pulse, the measured pulse energy and full laboratory analytic signal determine the frequency-dependent coherent-state displacement (α(ω)), without introducing a physical quantization volume. For nonclassical pulses, the same first-order field data and total energy do not uniquely specify the quantum state. Additional correlation information or model assumptions are required. We incorporate this information through normal and anomalous covariance kernels and discuss g^(2)-based diagnostics of squeezed pulses. We also derive a phase-sensitive convergence criterion for numerical frequency-bin discretizations. An exactly solvable continuum-mode free-electron application shows that the coherent displacement reproduces the semiclassical mean trajectory, whereas the field covariances determine the electron wave packet width. The framework offers a convenient, energy-consistent interface between measured free-space pulses and quantum-optical calculations.
ER -