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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Frontiers in Endocrinology

Maternal gestational weight gain and offspring vitamin D level: a multicentre retrospective cohort study

  • Yan Zhao1,2,3,4
  • Qian Li5
  • Hong Zhu5
  • Wen Zheng6
  • Yufei Ni7
  • Aiping Wu8
  • Kan Ye9
  • Xinye Jiang10
  • Guoqin Liu11
  • Yelin Bao12
  • Guoqiang Yang13
  • Li Zhang14
4 more authors
  • Hongxia Qi15
  • Heyun Lv16
  • Rui Qin17
  • Hong Cao1,2,4
17 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Nutrition, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University
  2. 2Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University
  3. 3Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jiangsu Province Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University
  4. 4Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI
  5. 5Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian Hospital
  6. 6Department of Child Health Care, Yancheng Maternity and Child Health Care Institute
  7. 7Department of Child Health Care, Nantong Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital
  8. 8Department of Child Health Care, Xinghua Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital
  9. 9Department of Child Health Care, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University
  10. 10Department of Child Health Care, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital
  11. 11Department of Child Health Care, Dafeng Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital
  12. 12Department of Child Health Care, Drum Tower Maternity and Child Health Care Institute
  13. 13Department of Child Health Care, Kunshan Maternity and Child Health Care Institute
  14. 14Department of Child Health Care, Huai’an Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital
  15. 15Department of Child Health Care, Xuzhou Children’s Hospital
  16. 16Department of Child Health Care, Jiangning Maternity and Child Health Care Institute
  17. 17Department of Child Health Care, Jiangsu Women and Children Health Hospital, Women and Child Branch Hospital of Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University
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Abstract

Background: This study examined the association between maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and offspring vitamin D levels.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 0–5-year-old children attending routine health checks at 12 centres across 10 cities in Jiangsu Province (April 2014–March 2015) were enrolled via stratified random cluster sampling. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by ELISA.

Results: Among 1,984 mother–offspring pairs, GWG ≤10 kg was associated with an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) in the unadjusted model ( OR = 1.550, 95% CI : 1.196–2.008), and this association remained significant in Model 1 ( OR = 1.820, 95% CI : 1.357–2.441), Model 2 ( OR = 1.545, 95% CI : 1.060–2.253), and Model 3 ( OR = 1.882, 95% CI : 1.228–2.883). For vitamin D insufficiency (50–<75 nmol/L), GWG >19 kg was associated with an increased risk in the unadjusted model ( OR = 1.309, 95% CI : 1.026–1.670) and in Model 1 ( OR = 1.312, 95% CI : 1.021–1.685), Model 2 ( OR = 1.872, 95% CI : 1.305–2.684), and Model 3 ( OR = 1.609, 95% CI : 1.054–2.456). This association was statistically significant in Model 3 but was no longer significant after FDR correction.

Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first multicentre study to report an association between GWG ≤10 kg and an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency in offspring, and between GWG >19 kg and an increased risk of vitamin D insufficiency. However, the latter association did not remain significant after FDR correction in sensitivity analyses based on Model 3 and requires confirmation in further studies.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{zhao2026maternal,
  title = {{Maternal gestational weight gain and offspring vitamin D level: a multicentre retrospective cohort study}},
  author = {Yan Zhao and Qian Li and Hong Zhu and Wen Zheng and Yufei Ni and Aiping Wu and Kan Ye and Xinye Jiang and Guoqin Liu and Yelin Bao and Guoqiang Yang and Li Zhang and Hongxia Qi and Heyun Lv and Rui Qin and Hong Cao},
  journal = {Frontiers in Endocrinology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fendo.2026.1936050},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1936050/full},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Maternal gestational weight gain and offspring vitamin D level: a multicentre retrospective cohort study
AU  - Yan Zhao
AU  - Qian Li
AU  - Hong Zhu
AU  - Wen Zheng
AU  - Yufei Ni
AU  - Aiping Wu
AU  - Kan Ye
AU  - Xinye Jiang
AU  - Guoqin Liu
AU  - Yelin Bao
AU  - Guoqiang Yang
AU  - Li Zhang
AU  - Hongxia Qi
AU  - Heyun Lv
AU  - Rui Qin
AU  - Hong Cao
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/08
JO  - Frontiers in Endocrinology
DO  - 10.3389/fendo.2026.1936050
UR  - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1936050/full
AB  - Background: This study examined the association between maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and offspring vitamin D levels.  Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 0–5-year-old children attending routine health checks at 12 centres across 10 cities in Jiangsu Province (April 2014–March 2015) were enrolled via stratified random cluster sampling. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by ELISA.  Results: Among 1,984 mother–offspring pairs, GWG ≤10 kg was associated with an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) in the unadjusted model ( OR = 1.550, 95% CI : 1.196–2.008), and this association remained significant in Model 1 ( OR = 1.820, 95% CI : 1.357–2.441), Model 2 ( OR = 1.545, 95% CI : 1.060–2.253), and Model 3 ( OR = 1.882, 95% CI : 1.228–2.883). For vitamin D insufficiency (50–<75 nmol/L), GWG >19 kg was associated with an increased risk in the unadjusted model ( OR = 1.309, 95% CI : 1.026–1.670) and in Model 1 ( OR = 1.312, 95% CI : 1.021–1.685), Model 2 ( OR = 1.872, 95% CI : 1.305–2.684), and Model 3 ( OR = 1.609, 95% CI : 1.054–2.456). This association was statistically significant in Model 3 but was no longer significant after FDR correction.  Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first multicentre study to report an association between GWG ≤10 kg and an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency in offspring, and between GWG >19 kg and an increased risk of vitamin D insufficiency. However, the latter association did not remain significant after FDR correction in sensitivity analyses based on Model 3 and requires confirmation in further studies.
SN  - 1664-2392
ER  -